Redfield, Robert, 38, 49 Reed, C. A., 128 Reindeer, 94 Rhinoceros, 93; in cave art, 85 Rhodesian man, 32 Riss glaciation, 58 Rock-shelters, 58; art in, 85 Saccopastore, 31 Sahara Desert, 34, 102 Samarra, 152; pottery, 131, 152 Sangoan industry, 67 Sauer, Carl, 136 Sbaikian point, 89 Schliemann, H., 11, 12 Scotland, 171 Scraper, flake, 79; end-scraper on blade, 77, 78; keel-shaped, 79, 80, 81 Sculpture in caves, 83 Sebilian III, 126 Shaheinab, 135 Sheep, wild, 108; at Skara Brae, 142; in China, 54 Shellfish, 142 Ship, Ubaidian, 153 Sialk, 126, 134; assemblage, 134 Siberia, 88; pathway to New World, 98 Sickle, 112, 153; blade, 113, 130 Silo, 122 Sinanthropus, 27, 30, 35 Skara Brae, 142 Snails used as food, 128 Soan, 47 Solecki, R., 116 Solo (fossil type), 29, 32 Solutrean industry, 77 Spear, shaft, 78; thrower, 82, 83 Speech, development of organs of, 25 Squash, in America, 145 Steinheim fossil skull, 28 Stillbay industry, 67 Stonehenge, 166 Stratification, in caves, 12, 57; in sites, 12 Swanscombe (fossil type), 11, 28 Syria, 107 Tabun, 60, 71 Tardenoisian, 97 Taro, 107 Tasa, 135 Tayacian, 47, 59 Teeth, pierced, in beads and pendants, 114 Temples, 123, 155 Tepe Gawra, 156 Ternafine, 29 Teshik Tash, 69 Textiles, 122 Thong-stropper, 80 Tigris River, floods in, 148 Toggle, 80 Tomatoes, in America, 145 Tombs, megalithic, 141 Tool-making, 42, 49 Tool-preparation traditions, 65 Tools, 62; antler, 80; blade, 70, 71, 75; bone, 66; chopper, 47; core-biface, 43, 48, 60, 61; flake, 44, 47, 51, 60, 64; flint, 80, 127; ground stone, 68, 127; handles, 94; pebble, 42, 43, 48, 53; use of, 24 Touf (mud wall), 128 Toynbee, A. J., 101 Trade, 130, 155, 162 Traders, 167 Traditions, 15; blade tool, 70; definition of, 51; interpretation of, 49; tool-making, 42, 48; chopper-tool, 47; chopper-chopping tool, 45; core-biface, 43, 48; flake, 44, 47; pebble tool, 42, 48 Tool-making, prehistory of, 42 Turkey, 107, 108 Ubaid, 153; assemblage, 153-155 Urnfields, 168, 169 Village-farming community era, 105, 119 Wad B, 72 Wadjak, 34 Warka phase, 156; assemblage, 156 Washburn, Sherwood L., 36 Water buffalo, domestication of, 107 Weidenreich, F., 29, 34 Wessex, 166, 167 Wheat, wild, 108; partially domesticated, 127 Willow leaf point, 78 Windmill Hill, 138; assemblage, 138, 140 Witch doctors, 68 Wool, 112; in garments, 167 Writing, 158; cuneiform, 158 Würm I glaciation, 58 Zebu cattle, domestication of, 107 Zeuner, F. E., 73 * * * * * * Transcriber’s note: