The western section (fig. 8, _A-D_, _M_) of Hovenweep Castle is made up of five rooms, the most western of which, _M_, is semicircular, while _A_, _B_, _C_, and _D_ are rectangular. Room _A_ is almost square, one of its walls forming the straight wall of the south side of the semicircular tower, _M_. At the union its walls are not tied into the masonry of the circular wall of the tower, as may be seen in the illustration, plate 14, _b_, implying that it was constructed later. There is an entrance into _A_ from the south or cliff side, and a passageway from _A_ to Room _B_, which latter opens by a doorway into Room _C_. All rectangular rooms of the western section communicate with each other, but none except A seem to have had an external entrance. The photograph of the south wall of the west section of the ruin (pl. 14, _c_) shows small portholes in the second story and narrow slits in the tower walls. The lower courses of masonry are formed of thinner stones than the rows above, but smaller stones compose the courses at the top of the wall. A view of the north wall of the western section (pl. 22, _a_) shows the tower and rooms united to it. There is no kiva in the western section. EASTERN SECTION OF HOVENWEEP CASTLE The longest dimension of the western section (pls. 12, 14, _c_) is approximately east-west; that of the eastern is nearly north-south. The eastern section (fig. 8, _E-L_), like the western, has a tower (_L_), which is situated between two circular depressions or kivas (_K_). On the north and south ends the eastern section is flanked by rectangular rooms. Those at the north end were better constructed, and even now stand as high as the walls of the western tower. The views show that their corners are not as well preserved as their faces, which is due to defects in masonry, as lack of bonding. Although much débris has accumulated around the kivas, especially in their cavities, it is evident that these ceremonial rooms were formerly one storied, and practically subterranean on account of the surrounding rooms. Several fragments of walls projecting above the accumulated débris indicate rooms at the junction of the eastern and western sections of the ruin, but their form and arrangement at that point are not evident and can be determined only by excavation. The inner kiva walls show evidences of mural pilasters and banquettes like those of cliff-dwellings and other pure pueblo types. RUIN 3 The square tower (pl. 11, _a_), standing on a large angular rock in the canyon below Hovenweep Castle, is a remarkable example of prehistoric masonry so situated that it is shut in by cliffs, rendering the outlook limited. Several published photographs of this tower give the impression that it stands in the open and was an outlook, but that this is hardly the case will be seen from a general view looking west up the South Fork. RUIN 4