of the Treaty of Limerick;' Sir William Petty's 'Political Anatomy of Ireland;' 'Macariae Excidium;' and the Abbe MacGeoghegan's 'History of Ireland.' The modern authorities on this period are numerous and some of great value; see Gardiner's 'History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate' (the Irish chapters), notably vol. iii. ch. xliv.; 'The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland,' by John P. Prendergast; 'The Life of Sir William Petty,' by Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice, with an article by me in the _Edinburgh Review_ of July, 1895; 'The Patriot Parliament,' by Thomas Davis; Macaulay's 'History of England' (the Irish chapters), vol. iv. ch. xxii.; vol. v. ch. xiv.-xvi.; vol. vi. ch. xvii.; and Mr. Lecky's 'History,' _ante_, vol. ii. ch. ix. Many instructive and philosophic passages on all these confiscations and their results, will be found scattered among the writings of Burke; they are admirable. The era of violent confiscation closed with the reign of William III.; the modern history of the Irish land system begins from this period. For an account of the penal code, as it affected Irish landed relations, reference may be made to Vincent Scully, 'On the Penal Laws;' to Howard's 'Popery Cases;' and especially to Burke's 'Tracts on the Popery Laws.' Much, too, can be gathered from Curry's 'State of the Irish Catholics;' from Primate Boulter's and Archbishop Synge's 'Letters;' from the writings on Ireland of Swift and Berkeley; and from various passages in the 'Works and Correspondence of Burke.' For the state of the Irish land from the beginning of the reign of George III. to the Rebellion of 1798, study the celebrated 'Tour' of Arthur Young, written in 1776-78; Crumpe's 'Essay;' an admirable sketch by Mr. Lecky in his 'History,' _ante_, vol. vii. ch. xxvii.; and Sir George Lewis on 'Irish Disturbances,' a book which gives an account of the rise and progress of the Whiteboy movement, and carries the narrative down to 1836. Froude has illustrated this subject very skilfully in his 'Two Chiefs of Dunboy;' but his account, in his 'The English in Ireland,' is very inaccurate and one-sided. The nature of Irish landed relations during the troubled period before the Union is fully explained in many passages of Mr. Lecky's 'History,' _ante_, vols. vii. and viii.; and the reader should peruse Lord Clare's speech in the Irish House of Lords during the debates on the Union. From the Union to the present time, the authorities on the Irish land system are very numerous; it is not easy to make compendious selection. For the period of the Great War, Edward Wakefield's 'Account of Ireland' is valuable, and so is, for the immediately subsequent period, the evidence on the state of Ireland taken by a Committee of the House of Commons in 1825. The nature and the characteristics of the Irish land system, in 1843-44, are fully explained and commented upon in the well-known Report of the Devon Commission, and