The Library Series EDITED BY DR. RICHARD GARNETT IV PRICES OF BOOKS The Library Series EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTIONS, BY DR. RICHARD GARNETT I. THE FREE LIBRARY: Its History and Present Condition. By J. J. OGLE, of Bootle Free Library. Cloth, 6s. net. II. LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION, ARCHITECTURE, AND FITTINGS. By F. J. BURGOYNE, of the Tate Central Library, Brixton. With 141 Illustrations. Cloth, 6s. net. III. LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION. By J. MACFARLANE, of the British Museum. Cloth, 6s. net. IV. PRICES OF BOOKS. By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, of the Society of Arts. Cloth, 6s. net. PRICES OF BOOKS AN INQUIRY INTO THE CHANGES IN THE PRICE OF BOOKS WHICH HAVE OCCURRED IN ENGLAND AT DIFFERENT PERIODS BY HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. [Illustration] LONDON GEORGE ALLEN, 156, CHARING CROSS ROAD 1898 [_All rights reserved_] Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. At the Ballantyne Press EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION The history of prices is one of the most interesting subjects that can engage research. As language has been called fossil poetry, from which the primitive workings of the mind of man may be elicited, so the story of his progress in material well-being lies enfolded in the history of the prices which have at various periods been procurable for commodities, whether of prime necessity, of general utility, or simply ornamental. The prices of books, so ably investigated and recorded by Mr. WHEATLEY in the following pages, are a small but significant department of a great subject. If we had no record of the price of any other article of commerce, we should still perceive in them an index to the world’s advance in wealth, taste, and general intelligence. With every allowance for the fall in the value of money, it would yet be manifest that prices could now be afforded for books which at an earlier period would have been out of the question; and not less so that while some classes of books had risen in worth with the enhanced standard of wealth, others had accommodated themselves to the requirements of the poor. We should trace the effect of mechanical improvements in diminishing the prices of things, and of fashion and curiosity in augmenting them. We should see the enormous influence of scarcity in forcing up the value of products, while we should learn at the same time that this was not the sole agent, but that intrinsic merit must usually to some extent co-operate with it, and that prices must bear some relation to the inherent reason of things. It must, for instance, have been entirely unforeseen by the early printers that the books which they advertised with such exultation as cheaper than the manuscripts they were superseding would in process of time become dearer, but we can discern this metamorphosis of relative value to have been rational and inevitable. Finally, the fluctuations of price would afford a clue to the intellectual condition of the age. Observing, for example, the great