TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the paragraph. A superscript is denoted by ^x or ^{xx}, for example und^r or 36^{th}. Although the song on page 345 is notated as if it were one song, perhaps for comparison purposes, these are actually two separate songs, one German, one Mexican. Each has been transcribed separately, with separate MP3 and MusicXML (.mxl) files. A soprano voice is used for both. Music transcription, translations and new original cover art included with this eBook are granted to the public domain. More information and comments on minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. INSTITUTTET FOR SAMMENLIGNENDE KULTURFORSKNING [Illustration: (Institute Logo)] SERIE B: SKRIFTER VIII FRANZ BOAS: PRIMITIVE ART OSLO 1927 H. ASCHEHOUG & CO. (W. NYGAARD) LEIPZIG PARIS LONDON OTTO HARRASSOWITZ HONORÉ CHAMPION WILLIAMS & NORGATE, LTD. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS INSTITUTTET FOR SAMMENLIGNENDE KULTURFORSKNING PRIMITIVE ART BY FRANZ BOAS PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK OSLO 1927 H. ASCHEHOUG & CO. (W. NYGAARD) LEIPZIG PARIS LONDON OTTO HARRASSOWITZ HONORÉ CHAMPION WILLIAMS & NORGATE, LTD. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINTED IN NORWAY DET MALLINGSKE BOGTRYKKERI PREFACE This book is an attempt to give an analytical description of the fundamental traits of primitive art. The treatment given to the subject is based on two principles that, I believe, should guide all investigations into the manifestations of life among primitive people: the one the fundamental sameness of mental processes in all races and in all cultural forms of the present day; the other, the consideration of every cultural phenomenon as the result of historical happenings.