Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
Swanton[112] gives two interpretations of the Haida house post fig.
199. He had two informants; both explained the top figure as an eagle
but they differed as to the meaning of the rest. The one claimed that
the lower part of the pole represented the story of a woman being
carried away by a killer-whale. The woman’s face shows just below the
eagle’s beak, and the whale’s blow-hole is represented by a small face
above the face of the killer-whale. The second informant, however,
explained the large face at the bottom as that of a grizzly bear,
presumably meaning thereby, the sea grizzly bear; and the small figure
over it as the “sea ghost” which usually rides upon its back. The
woman’s face he left unexplained. From an objective point of view, the
face at the base of the pole appears as a grizzly bear’s face. Attached
to it on each side are the ears and above these, the flippers. Just
under the talons of the eagle is found the inverted tail of a fish or
aquatic mammal, which presumably belongs to the figure at the bottom,
although it seems rather small. It seems doubtful whether the upper
face, to which belong the two hands just under it and the legs, in
squatting position below the tail, is that of a woman because there
ought to be a large labret in the lower lip. Furthermore, the face has
animal ears so that it does not seem likely that the intention of the
artist was to represent a woman.
[112] John R. Swanton, The Haida, Publications of the Jesup North
Pacific Expedition, Vol. V, p. 128.
It is true that in some other cases in which this same story is
represented,[113] the person sitting on the back of the killer-whale
has no labret, while in other cases it is shown. Obviously in this case
the symbolism is not clear enough to enable an Indian who does not
know the artist or who does not know the meaning of the carving, to
interpret it correctly.
[113] See Swanton, The Haida, pl. 15, fig. 1, where the woman is shown
without labret while in the specimen pl. 14, fig. 5, she wears a large
labret.
The uncertainty of interpretation becomes the greater the more
fragmentary the figure. A set of gambling sticks which in 1897 I
submitted to the best carver and painter (Charles Edensaw) among the
Haida, could not be satisfactorily interpreted by him (figs. 200, 201).
For example: Number 35 he recognized as a series of three dorsal fins
without being able to tell to what animal they belonged. Number 36 he
explained as a shoulder on the right, and a tail on the left, but he
was unable to identify the particular animal. Number 37 he explained,
hesitatingly, as a mosquito. For the following group he felt quite
unable to give any satisfactory explanation.
The uncertainty of explanation appears particularly clearly in the
interpretation of Chilkat blankets. I give here a few examples
according to Lieutenant George T. Emmons.[114]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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