Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
Primitive poetry is primarily lyric, in many cases dithyrambic, and
elements which express definite coherent ideas are, in all probability,
later developments. Perhaps we may see here an analogy to the growth of
language. In the animal world cries are primarily reactions to emotions
and only indirectly designative. It seems likely that in human speech
the spontaneous emotional cry preceded the designative and so much more
the predicative expression, not by any means in the sense that the
exclamation accounts for the origin of organized speech, but that it is
probably the first form of articulation.
It must not be assumed that the control of the word by music is
characteristic of all primitive song. On the contrary, in recitatives
which are quite common, the words are often controlling and musical
phrases are added or omitted whenever the words require it. Among the
Sioux Indians we find often both tendencies; the words adapted to the
tunes and the tune, on its part, adjusted to the words.[119]
[119] Frances Densmore, Teton Sioux Music, Bull. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. 61,
Washington, 1918; see, for instance No. 38, p. 162.
We might express the results of our considerations in stating that song
is older than poetry and that poetry has gradually emancipated itself
from music.
The relation between music, words and dance are of a similar character.
Primitive literary expression is often, though not by any means always,
accompanied by some kind of motor activity; or certain kinds of motions
may release articulations that take the form of song or of spoken
words. Strong, but controlled emotion finds utterance in movements of
the body and in articulation, and emotional speech releases similar
movements. This may be inferred from the frequent association of song
and dance, of song and games, and of that of gestures and lively
speech. Dance has always remained associated with music, but with the
emancipation of poetry music has lost its close association with the
spoken word.
Primitive artistic prose has two important forms: narrative and
oratory. The form of modern prose is largely determined by the fact
that it is read, not spoken, while primitive prose is based on the art
of oral delivery and is, therefore, more closely related to modern
oratory than to the printed literary style. The stylistic difference
between the two forms is considerable.
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