Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
Unfortunately most primitive prose has been recorded in European
languages only, and it is impossible to determine the accuracy of the
rendering. In most of the records there is an obvious attempt to adapt
it to the European literary style. Even when the material is available
in the original text we may assume that, at least in the majority of
cases, it does not reach the standard of excellence of the art of
native narrative. The difficulty of phonetic rendering of foreign
languages requires such slowness of dictation that the artistic style
necessarily suffers. The number of collectors who possess complete
mastery of the languages of the natives is altogether too small. The
best approximation to the art of narrative of primitive people is
probably found in those cases in which educated natives write down the
texts, or in the records taken down by missionaries who in long years
of personal, intimate contact with the people have acquired complete
control of their language, and who are willing to give us just what
they hear.
As an example of the difference in style between the free rendering
of a story told in English by an interpreter, and the translation of
a native text I give part of the Twin-Hero story of Sia, as told by
M. C. Stevenson, and the same story as dictated to me in Laguna. Mrs.
Stevenson[120] tells as follows: Upon visiting the plaza the twins
found a large gathering and the housetops were crowded with those
looking at the dance. The boys who approached the plaza from a narrow
street in the village, stood for a time at the entrance. The one
remarked, “I guess all the people are looking at us and thinking we are
very poor boys; see how they pass back and forth and do not speak to
us;” but after a while he said, “We are a little hungry; let us walk
around and see where we can find something to eat.” They looked in all
the houses facing upon the plaza and saw feasting within, but no one
invited them to enter and eat, and though they inspected every house in
the village, they were invited into but one. At this house the woman
said, “Boys, come in and eat; I guess you are hungry.” After the repast
they thanked her, saying, “It was very good.” Then the one said, “You,
woman, and you, man,” addressing her husband, “you and all your family
are good. We have eaten at your house; we give you many thanks; and now
listen to what I have to say. I wish you and all your children to go
off a distance to another house; to a house which stands alone; the
round house off from the village. All of you stay there for a while.”
[120] Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Sia, 11th Annual Report Bureau of
Ethnology, Washington, 1894, pp. 54-55.
The Laguna version is as follows:[121]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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