Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
So far we have considered only the reflection of cultural life in the
form of the narrative. Its influence is also expressed in another
manner. When the narrative is thoroughly integrated in the life of
the people a process occurs quite similar to the one we observed in
decorative art. As a geometric form often receives a secondary meaning
that is read into it, so the narrative is given an interpretative
significance that is quite foreign to the original tale; and as in
decorative art the adventitious meaning varies in character according
to the culture of the people, thus the style of the interpretation of
a tale depends upon the cultural interests of the people telling it
and, accordingly, assumes distinctive forms. We have found that art
styles are apt to be disseminated over wide areas while the explanatory
meaning of art forms shows much greater individuality. Precisely in
the same manner, tales are apt to travel over enormous areas but their
significance changes according to the various cultural interests of
the tribes. As an example I refer to the story of the girl who married
a dog, a tale widely spread in North America. It is used to explain
the origin of the milky way (Alaska); the origin of the culture hero
(British Columbia); the origin of the tribal ancestor (Southern
British Columbia); the origin of a constellation (interior of British
Columbia); the origin of a red cliff (interior of Alaska); the origin
of the Dog Society (Blackfoot); and the reason why dogs are the friends
of man (Arapaho).[164]
[164] Waterman, The Explanatory Element in the Folk-tales of the North
American Indians, Journal of American Folk-lore, Vol. 27 (1914), pp. 28
et seq.
The view of the historical development of explanatory tales here
expressed is analogous to that regarding the relation of symbolism and
design. The general type of interpretation of symbolism exists in the
tribe and the tale is made to conform to it. In many cases the symbolic
or interpretative explanation is a foreign element added on to the
design or to the tale in agreement with a stylistic pattern controlling
the imagination of the people. This process may lead indirectly also
to a conformable stylistic development of other representations, or to
attempts to give explanations for the phenomena of nature. Only on the
basis of a pre-existing style which has its origin in non-symbolic and
non-interpretative sources can the resultant form develop.
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