Art, Prehistoric; Folk literature -- History and criticism
It must not be assumed that the literary style of a people is uniform,
on the contrary the forms are quite varied. I have pointed out before
that unity of style is not found in decorative art either, that many
cases may be adduced in which different styles are used in different
industries or among different groups of the population. Just so we
find in a tribe complex tales that have definite structural cohesion,
and brief anecdotes; some told with an evident enjoyment of diffuse
detail, others almost reduced to a formula. An example of this are the
long stories and the animal fables of the Eskimo. The former treat of
events happening in human society, of adventurous travel, of encounters
with monsters and supernatural beings, of deeds of shamans. They are
novelistic tales. On the other hand many of the animal fables are mere
formulas. Similar contrasts are found in the tales and fables of the
negroes.
The styles of songs vary also considerably according to the occasion
for which they are composed. Among the Kwakiutl we find long songs
in which the greatness of the ancestors is described in the form of
recitatives. In religious festivals songs are used of rigid rhythmic
structure, accompanying dances. In these the same words or syllables
are repeated over and over again, except that another appellation for
the supernatural being in whose honor they are sung is introduced in
each new stanza. Again of a different type are the love songs which are
not by any means rare.
It is striking that certain literary forms are found among all the
races of the old world while they are unknown in America. Here belongs
particularly the proverb. The important position held by the proverb in
the literature of Africa, Asia, and also of Europe until quite recent
times, is well known. In Africa particularly do we find the proverb in
constant use. It is even the basis of court decisions. The importance
of the proverb in Europe is illustrated by the way in which Sancho
Panza applies it. Equally rich is Asiatic literature in proverbial
sayings. On the contrary, hardly any proverbial sayings are known from
American Indians. I have referred before to a few metaphorical sayings
of the Tsimshian, the only proverbial sayings known to me north of
Mexico.[165]
[165] I collected one saying among the Eskimo of Cumberland Sound:
“If I should go to get them I should be like one who goes to buy the
backside of a salmon (i. e. something without value).”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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