The Oriental origin[255] of Ourania, Queen of Heaven, the armed goddess, the _Virgo Caelestis_, was patent to all; but Aphrodite in her more human earthly aspect, as Pandemos, goddess of the people and of all increase, was so like Kourotrophos, like Demeter, that she might easily be thought of as indigenous. Yet her ritual betrays her. For the purification of her sanctuary we have seen there was ordered a dove. Instinctively we remember that when Mary Virgin[256] went up to the temple of Jerusalem for her purification she must take with her ‘a pair of turtle-doves or two young pigeons.’ In the statuettes of Paphos, Aphrodite holds a dove in her hand; the coins of Salamis in Cyprus are stamped with the dove[257]. At the Phenician Eryx when the festival of the Anagogia[258] came round, and Aphrodite Astarte went back to her home in Libya, the doves went with her, and when they came back at the _Katagogia_, a white multitude, among them was one with feathers of red gold, and she was Aphrodite. CHAPTER IV. THE SPRING KALLIRRHOË-ENNEAKROUNOS ‘NEAR’ THE CITADEL. καὶ τῇ κρήνῃ τῇ νῦν μὲν τῶν τυράννων οὕτω σκευασάντων Ἐννεακρούνῳ καλουμένῃ, τὸ δὲ πάλαι φανερῶν τῶν πηγῶν οὐσῶν Καλλιῤῥόῃ ὠνομασμένῃ—ἐκείνῃ τε ἐγγὺς οὔσῃ τὰ πλείστου ἄξια ἐχρῶντο, καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρχαίου πρό τε γαμικῶν καὶ ἐς ἄλλα τῶν ἱερῶν νομίζεται τῷ ὕδατι χρῆσθαι. The argument now stands as follows. As evidence that the old city was _the present citadel with the addition of what is below it towards about South_ Thucydides has adduced two facts: 1st, that _the sanctuaries are in the citadel, those of other deities as well (as the Goddess)_; 2nd, that _those that are outside are placed towards this part of the city more (than elsewhere)_. Instances of such outside shrines are _the sanctuary of Zeus Olympios and the Pythion, and the sanctuary of Ge, and that of Dionysos-in-the-Marshes_. This last is defined, to prevent confusion with the later sanctuary of Dionysos Eleuthereus, as the scene of the earlier Dionysia. Finally, _other ancient sanctuaries also_ (not named) are placed here. We next come to the third fact adduced as evidence, namely, a statement as to the position of the ancient city spring, as follows: ‘_And the spring which is now called “Nine-Spouts,” from the form given it by the despots, but which formerly, when the sources were open, was named Fair-Fount—this spring_ (I say) _being near, they used for the most important purposes, and even now it is still the custom in consequence of the ancient_ (habit) _to use the water before weddings and for other sacred purposes_.’ Was ever argument stated in fashion more odd, involved, and utterly Thucydidean?