Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
The interpretation of form is an extraordinarily complex affair.
The consequences of the asymmetricality of space as we construct
it must be noted. Up and down have distinct characters which
differ from those of right and left, which differ again from
those of away and towards us. A measured vertical distance does
not seem to us the same as an equal horizontal distance. Nor
does a equal distance away from us seem equal to either. These
effects are modified again, sometimes reinforced, sometimes reduced,
by effects due to quite a different source, to the relative ease
or difficulty with which the eye follows certain lines. The greater
and less compatibility of certain eye movements with others is
the cause of much of what is confusedly called Rhythm in the
plastic arts. After certain lines we expect others, and the success
or failure of our expectation modifies our response. Unexpectedness,
of course, is an obvious technical resource for the artist. The
intervention here of the representational factor cannot be overlooked.
An eye movement which encounters difficulty for any of a number
of possible reasons, among which so-called rhythmical factors
deserve special notice, is interpreted as standing for a greater
distance than an equal but more easy movement. This is only a
rough rule, for yet other psychological factors may come in to
nullify or even reverse the effect; for example, an explicit
recognition of the difficulty. Yet another determining condition
in our estimation of intervals of space is the uniformity of
their filling. Thus a line one inch long hatched across will
generally seem longer than an equal line unhatched, and a modulated
surface seem larger than a smooth one.
These instances of the psychological factors which help to make
the imaginatively constructed statue-space different from the
actual space occupied by the marble will be enough to show how
intricate is the interpretation by which we take even the first
step towards the appreciation of a statue. Our full response
of attitude and emotion is entirely dependent upon how we perform
the initial operations. It is of course impossible to make these
interpretations separately, consciously and deliberately. Neural
arrangements over which we have little or no direct control perform
them for us. Thanks to their complexity the resultant effect,
the imagined form of the statue, will vary greatly from individual
to individual and in the same individual from time to time. It
might be thought therefore that the hope that a statue will be
a vehicle of the same experience for many different individuals
is vain. Certain simplifications, however, save the situation.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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