Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
Whatever effects cannot be traced to some practical use we might
make of them (as we use a plate to eat from or a house to live
in), or to some interference with or threat against the ways
in which we might act, or to some object practically interesting
to us, which they represent—all such effects are necessarily
very difficult to explain.
There is nothing in the least mysterious, however, about the
difficulty of explaining them. The facts required happen to be
beyond our present powers of observation. They belong to a branch
of psychology for which we have as yet no methods of investigation.
It seems likely that we shall have to wait a long while, and
that very great advances must first be made in neurology before
these problems can profitably be attacked. But however regrettable
this may be, there is no justification whatever for the invention
of unique faculties and ultimate, analysable, indefinable entities.
To say that a thing is unanalysable may be to assert either that
it is simple or that we do not know yet how to analyse it. Musical
effects, like the effects of forms in general, are inexplicable
in the second sense only. To pretend that they are inexplicable
in the first sense is mere mystery-mongering. To take two parallel
cases, trade booms and fine weather were until recently inexplicable,
and are doubtless still in many respects difficult to account
for. But no one would pretend that these blessings require us
to assume unique _sui generis_ tendencies in economic or
meteorological affairs.
But the practice of describing the ‘musical faculty’ and the
formal effects of the arts in general as _sui generis_ has
another cause in addition to intellectual bewilderment. Many
people think that to say that a mental activity is unique, or
_sui generis_, in some way gives it a more exalted standing
than if it were recognised as merely too complicated or too inaccessible
to experiment to be at present explained. In part this is a relic
of the old opinion that explanation is itself derogatory, an
opinion which only those who are, in this respect, uneducated,
still entertain. Partly also this preference for ‘unique’ things
is due to confusion with the sense in which St Paul’s may be
said to be unique. But the experience of ‘seeing stars’ after
a bang on the nose is just as ‘unique’ as any act of musical
appreciation and shares any exalted quality which such uniqueness
may be supposed to confer.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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