Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
What is in question here is not memory, in the stricter sense
in which past experience is dated and placed, but free reproduction.
To be able to revive an experience is not to remember when and
where and how it occurred, but merely to have that peculiar state
of mind available. Why some experiences are available and others
not is unfortunately still a matter for conjecture merely. The
difficulty upon most accounts, Semon’s for example, is to explain
why _all_ our past experience is not being revived all the
time. But some plausible conjectures are not difficult to make,
and the absence of clear evidence or conclusive proof should
not prevent our making them if they are recognised for conjectures.
How far an experience is revivable would seem to depend in the
first place upon the interests, the impulses, active in the experience.
Unless similar interests recur its revival would seem to be difficult.
The original experience is built upon a number of impulses; it
came about only through these impulses. We may even say that
it is those impulses. The first condition for its revival is
the occurrence of impulses similar to _some_ of these.
The patient in the asylum occupied in reliving the same piece
of experience indefinitely does so (if he does) because he is
limited very strictly in the range of his possible impulses,
other impulses not being allowed to intervene. Hence the completeness
with which he is said to reconstruct the past. Most revival is
distorted because only some of the original impulses are repeated,
new impulses being-involved and a compromise resulting.
The impulses implicated in experiences may be many and varied
or few and alike. An experience which has a very simple impulse
structure will, we may suppose, tend to come back only when these
impulses are again relatively dominant. Other things being equal
it will have less chance of revival than an experience with a
more complex structure. Recalling the illustration used in Chapter
XIV, the broader the facet the more numerous are the positions
from which the polyhedron will settle down on that facet. It
is a first principle of psychology that the partial return only
of a situation may reinstate the whole, and since most impulses
have belonged in the past to many varied wholes there must evidently
be much rivalry as to which wholes do actually recur. What seems
to decide the dispute more than anything else is the character
of the original connections between the parts. As has recently
been emphasised by the exponents of _Gestalt-psychologie_,
mere original contiguity or simultaneity is comparatively powerless
to control revival. Compare the learning of a geometric theorem
by heart with understanding it, or even a brief study of some
building with mere daily familiarity.
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