Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
These assumptions which so densely obscure the issue raise innumerable
practical difficulties both for criticism and for the construction
of a theory of criticism. It is well worth while to analyse typical
situations a little further.
The closing lines of the Fifth Sonnet of Wordsworth’s River Duddon
series will afford a convenient instance:—
Sole listener, Duddon! to the breeze that played
With thy clear voice, I caught the fitful sound
Wafted o’er sullen moss and craggy mound,
Unfruitful solitudes that seemed to upbraid
The sun in heaven!—but now, to form a shade
For thee, green alders have together wound
Their foliage; ashes flung their arms around;
And birch trees risen in silver colonnade.
And thou hast also tempted here to rise,
Mid sheltering pines, this cottage rude and grey;
Whose ruddy children, by the mother’s eyes
Carelessly watched, sport through the summer day,
Thy pleased associates—light as endless May
On infant bosoms lonely nature lies.
Two readers who found themselves, as they thought, in entire
agreement as to the excellence of this sonnet, and especially
as to the beauty of its close, were surprised shortly afterwards
to discover that they had been reading quite different poems.
By the one the last sentence was interpreted as saying that the
gloom of lonely nature, of sullen moss and craggy ground, however
it might seem later on in life, had no oppressive effect upon
the children. By the other it was read as saying that however
barren and gloomy might be the scene, actually lonely nature
there in itself had no such character, but was, as it were, floating
“light as endless May on infant bosoms”. The two readings, by
throwing their effect back upon what had preceded and in addition
completely altering the rhythm of the close, produced what it
is no exaggeration to describe as two different poems. Neither
would be uncharacteristic of Wordsworth, although doubtless the
first reading is the one to be accepted.
This exemplifies what is perhaps the rarest case,[68] that in
which agreement as to value covers an actual grave difference
in the experiences valued. More usually there is some genuine
source for the agreement, to be found in some common character
of the experiences. What this common character is may be difficult
to discover. It may be merely the rhythm, or the cadence of some
phrase, or the form of a sequence of references. But sometimes,
if it is a more obvious part, such as a description or metaphor,
a discussion between critical readers, who are aware that their
experiences differ, will bring it to light.
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