Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
We must be prepared then to translate, into phrases pedantic
and uncouth, all the too simple utterances which the conversational
decencies exact. We shall find later, in their peculiar emotive
power the main reason why, in spite of all manner of confusions
and inconveniences, these current ways of speaking are retained.
For emotive purposes they are indispensable, but for clarity,
for the examination of what is actually happening, translations
are equally a necessity.
Most critical remarks state in an abbreviated form that an object
causes certain experiences, and as a rule the form of the statement
is such as to suggest that the object has been said to possess
certain qualities. But often the critic goes further and affirms
that the effect in his mind is due to special particular features
of the object. In this case he is pointing out something about
the object in addition to its effect upon him, and this fuller
kind of criticism is what we desire. Before his insight can greatly
benefit, however, a very clear demarcation between the object,
with its features, and his experience, which is the effect of
contemplating it, is necessary. The bulk of critical literature
is unfortunately made up of examples of their confusion.
It will be convenient at this point to introduce two definitions.
In a full critical statement which states not only that an experience
is valuable in certain ways, but also that it is caused by certain
features in a contemplated object, the part which describes the
value of the experience we shall call the _critical_ part.
That which describes the object we shall call the _technical_
part. Thus to say that we feel differently towards wooden crosses
and stone crosses is a technical remark. And to say that metre
is more suited to the tender passion than is prose would be,
as it stands, a technical remark, but here it is evident that
a critical part might easily be also present. All remarks as
to the ways and means by which experiences arise or are brought
about are technical, but critical remarks are about the values
of experiences and the reasons for regarding them as valuable,
or not valuable. We shall endeavor in what follows to show that
critical remarks are merely a branch of psychological remarks,
and that no special ethical or metaphysical ideas need be introduced
to explain value.
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