Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
The metaphor of a balance or poise will bear consideration. For
Pity and Terror are opposites in a sense in which Pity and Dread
are not. Dread or Horror are nearer than Terror to Pity, for
they contain attraction as well as repulsion. As in colour, tones
just not in harmonic relation are peculiarly unmanageable and
jarring, so it is with these more easily describable responses.
The extraordinarily stable experience of Tragedy, which is capable
of admitting almost any other impulses so long as the relation
of the main components is exactly right, changes at once if these
are altered. Even if it keeps its coherence it becomes at once
a far narrower, more limited, and exclusive thing, a much more
partial, restricted and specialised response. Tragedy is perhaps
the most general, all-accepting, all-ordering experience known.
It can take anything into its organisation, modifying it so that
it finds a place. It is invulnerable; there is nothing which
does not present to the tragic attitude _when fully developed_
a fitting aspect and only a fitting aspect. Its sole rivals in
this respect are the attitudes of Falstaff and of the Voltaire
of _Candide_. But pseudo-tragedy—the greater part of Greek
Tragedy as well as almost all Elizabethan Tragedy outside Shakespeare’s
six masterpieces comes under this head—is one of the most fragile
and precarious of attitudes. Parody easily overthrows it, the
ironic addition paralyses it; even a mediocre joke may make it
look lopsided and extravagant.
This balanced poise, stable through its power of inclusion, not
through the force of its exclusions, is not peculiar to Tragedy.
It is a general characteristic of all the most valuable experiences
of the arts. It can be given by a carpet or a pot or by a gesture
as unmistakably as by the Parthenon, it may come about through
an epigram as clearly as through a Sonata. We must resist the
temptation to analyse its cause into sets of opposed characters
in the object. As a rule no such analysis can be made. The balance
is not in the structure of the stimulating object, it is in the
response. By remembering this we escape the danger of supposing
that we have found a formula for Beauty.
Although for most people these experiences are infrequent apart
from the arts, almost any occasion may give rise to them. The
most important general condition is mental health, a high state
of ‘vigilance’; the next is the frequent occurrence of such experiences
in the recent past. None of the effects of art is more transferable
than this balance or equilibrium.
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