Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
Despite all differences in the impulses concerned, a certain
general similarity can be observed in all these cases of supremely
fine and complete organisation. It is this similarity which has
led to the legends of the ‘æsthetic state’, the ‘æsthetic emotion’
and the single quality Beauty, the same in all its manifestations.
We had occasion in Chapter II to suggest that the characteristics
by which æsthetic experience is usually defined—that impersonality,
disinterestedness and detachment so much stressed and so little
discussed by æstheticians—are really two sets of quite different
characters.
One set we have seen (Chapters X and XXIV) to be merely conditions
of communication having nothing essentially to do with value,
conditions involved in valueless and valuable communications
alike. We have suggested above, however, that this kind of detachment
and severance from ordinary circumstances and accidental personal
interests may be of special service in these supremely valuable[81]
communications, since it makes the breaking down of inhibitions
more easy. This same facilitation of response is also, it should
be added, the explanation of the peculiarly pernicious effect
of bad but competent art.
We may now turn to consider that other set of characters which have
been confused with these communicative conditions, and which may
justifiably be taken as defining a special field for those interested
in the values of experience. There are two ways in which impulses
may be organised; by exclusion and by inclusion, by synthesis and by
elimination. Although every coherent state of mind depends upon both,
it is permissible to contrast experiences which win stability and
order through a narrowing of the response with those which widen it.
A very great deal of poetry and art is content with the full, ordered
development of comparatively special and limited experiences, with
a definite emotion, for example, Sorrow, Joy, Pride, or a definite
attitude, Love, Indignation, Admiration, Hope, or with a specific mood,
Melancholy, Optimism or Longing. And such art has its own value and
its place in human affairs. No one will quarrel with ‘Break, break,
break,’ or with the _Coronach_ or with _Rose Aylmer_ or with _Love’s
Philosophy_,[82] although clearly they are limited and exclusive. But
they are not the greatest kind of poetry; we do not expect from them
what we find in the _Ode to the Nightingale_, in _Proud Maisie_, in
_Sir Patrick Spens_, in _The Definition of Love_ or in the _Nocturnall
upon S. Lucie’s Day_.
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