Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
When all this has been done by the reader, when the materials
with which the words are to clothe themselves have been collected,
the poem still remains to be read. And it is easy to fail in
this undertaking. An ‘attitude of intellectual suspicion’ must
certainly be abandoned. But this is not difficult to those who
still know how to give their feelings precedence to their thoughts,
who can accept and unify an experience without trying to catch
it in an intellectual net or to squeeze out a doctrine. One form
of this attempt must be mentioned. Some, misled no doubt by its
origin in a Mystery, have endeavoured to give the poem a symbolical
reading. But its symbols are not mystical, but emotional. They
stand, that is, not for ineffable objects, but for normal human
experience. The poem, in fact, is radically naturalistic; only
its compression makes it appear otherwise. And in this it probably
comes nearer to the original Mystery which it perpetuates than
transcendentalism does.
If it were desired to label in three words the most characteristic
feature of Mr. Eliot’s technique, this might be done by calling
his poetry a music of ideas. The ideas are of all kinds, abstract
and concrete, general and particular, and, like the musician’s
phrases, they are arranged, not that they may tell us something,
but that their effects in us may combine into a coherent whole
of feeling and attitude and produce a peculiar liberation of
the will. They are there to be responded to, not to be pondered
or worked out. This is, of course, a method used intermittently
in very much poetry, and only an accentuation and isolation of
one of its normal resources. The peculiarity of Mr. Eliot’s later,
more puzzling, work is his deliberate and almost exclusive employment
of it. In the earlier poems this logical freedom appears only
occasionally. In ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,’ for example,
there is a patch at the beginning and another at the end, but
the rest of the poem is quite straightforward. In ‘Gerontion,’
the first long poem in this manner, the air of monologue, of
a stream of associations, is a kind of disguise, and the last
two lines,
Tenants of the house,
Thoughts of a dry brain in a dry season,
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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