Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
are almost an excuse. The close of ‘A Cooking Egg’ is perhaps
the passage in which the technique shows itself most clearly.
The reader who appreciates the emotional relevance of the title
has the key to the later poems in his hand. I take Pipit to be
the retired nurse of the hero of the poem, and _Views of the
Oxford Colleges_ to be the, still treasured, present which
he sent her when he went up to the University. The middle section
of the poem I read as a specimen of the rather withered pleasantry
in which contemporary culture has culminated and beyond which
it finds much difficulty in passing. The final section gives
the contrast which is pressed home by the title. Even the most
mature egg was new laid once. The only other title of equal significance
that I can recall is Mrs. Wharton’s _The Age of Innocence_,
which might well be studied in this connection. ‘The Waste Land’
and ‘The Hollow Men’ (the most beautiful of Mr. Eliot’s poems,
and in the last section a new development) are purely a ‘music
of ideas,’ and the pretence of a continuous thread of associations
is dropped.
How this technique lends itself to misunderstandings we have
seen. But many readers who have failed in the end to escape bewilderment
have begun by finding on almost every line that Mr. Eliot has
written—if we except certain youthful poems on American topics—that
personal stamp which is the hardest thing for the craftsman to
imitate and perhaps the most certain sign that the experience,
good or bad, rendered in the poem is authentic. Only those unfortunate
persons who are incapable of reading poetry can resist Mr. Eliot’s
rhythms. The poem as a whole may elude us while every fragment,
as a fragment, comes victoriously home. It is difficult to believe
that this is Mr. Eliot’s fault rather than his reader’s, because
a parallel case of a poet who so constantly achieves the hardest
part of his task and yet fails in the easier is not to be found.
It is much more likely that we have been trying to put the fragments
together on a wrong principle.
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