Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
From this excursus let us return to our proper task, the attempt
to outline a morality which will change its values as circumstances
alter, a morality free from occultism, absolutes and arbitrariness,
a morality which will explain, as no morality has yet explained,
the place and value of the arts in human affairs. What is good
or valuable, we have said, is the exercise of impulses and the
satisfaction of their appetencies. When we say that anything
is good we mean that it satisfies, and by a good experience we
mean one in which the impulses which make it are fulfilled and
successful, adding as the necessary qualification that their
exercise and satisfaction shall not interfere in any way with
more important impulses. Importance we have seen to be a complicated
matter, and which impulses are by an extensive inquiry into what
actually happens. The problem of morality then, the problem of
how we are to obtain the greatest possible value from life, becomes
a problem of organisation, both in the individual life and in
the adjustment of individual lives to one another, and is delivered
from all non-psychological ideas, from absolute goods and immediate
convictions, which incidentally help greatly to give unnecessary
stiffness and fixity to obsolescent codes. Without system, needless
to say, value vanishes, since in a state of chaos important and
trivial impulses alike are frustrated.
A minor problem may occur here to the reader. It concerns the
choice between a ‘crowded hour’ and an age without a name, and
the place of the time factor in valuation. There are many very
valuable states which cannot last very long in the nature of
the case, and some of these seem to have disabling consequences.
But, to take merely the most interesting instance, if we knew
more about the nervous constitution of genius we might discover
that the instability from which so many people suffer who are
at times best able to actualise the possibilities of life is
merely a consequence of their plasticity; not in the least a
price which they pay for such ‘high moments,’ but rather a result
in systems of great delicacy of wear and tear at lower levels
of adjustment. It is generally those who have the least refined
views of value who most readily believe that highly valuable
hours must be paid for afterwards. Their conception of a ‘hectic
time’ as the summit of human possibilities explains the opinion.
For those who find that the most valuable experiences are those
which are also most fruitful of further valuable experiences
no problem arises. To the query whether they prefer a long life
to a joyous one, they will reply that they find very satisfactory
a life which is both.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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