Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
Dr Bradley puts this third position forward in a tentative form;
he says that the ulterior _tends_ to lower poetic value,
an important reservation, but it would be better to distinguish
two kinds of poetry, one to which his doctrine applies and one
to which it does not. As illustrations of the cases in which
his doctrine does apply, _The Ancient Mariner_ and _Hartleap
Well_ may be mentioned. Here in both cases the experiences
are of a kind into which no ulterior ends enter in any important
degree. Thus when Coleridge and Wordsworth introduce moral considerations,
the effect is undeniably one of intrusion. As Mrs Meynell comically
remarks, “_The Ancient Mariner_ offends upon a deliberate
plan. It denies the natural function of observation when it invents
sanctions for the protection of a wild bird’s life, and for the
punishment of its slaughter. Coleridge intends to enforce a lesson
by telling us that 200 mariners died of thirst because they had—with
the superstition pardonable in their state of education—supposed
an albatross to be the bringer of foggy weather, and had approved
its slaughter, as almost all men implicitly approve the daily
slaughter of innocent beast and bird.” But this charge against
Coleridge is only reasonable if we make of this ulterior end,
this ‘lesson’ against cruelty to animals, a vital part of the
poem. Mrs Meynell, we may think, takes Coleridge’s moral too
seriously. It may be this possibility which Coleridge had in
mind when he said, long afterwards, that _The Ancient Mariner_
did not contain enough of the moral. As the poem stands, it is
of a kind into which ulterior ends do not enter. If we are to
take this alien element, this lesson, into account in our judgment,
we shall have deliberately to misread the poem, with Mrs Meynell.
The same considerations apply to _Hartleap Well_; and so
far as Dr Bradley is merely enforcing this point, we may agree;
but he fails to notice—it is only fair to say that few critics
seem ever to notice it—that poetry is of more than one kind,
and that the different kinds are to be judged by different principles.
There is a kind of poetry into the judgment of which ulterior
ends directly and essentially enter; a kind part of whose value
is directly derivable from the value of the ends with which it
is associated. There are other kinds, into which ulterior ends
do not enter in any degree, and there are yet other kinds whose
value may be lowered by the intrusion of ends relatively trivial
in value. Dr Bradley is misled by the usual delusion that there
is in this respect only one kind of poetry, into saying far more
than the facts of poetic experience will justify.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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