Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
That certain metres, or rather that a certain handling of metre
should produce in a slight degree a hypnoidal state is not surprising.
But it does so not as Coleridge suggests, through the surprise
element in metrical effects, but through the absence of surprise,
through the lulling effects more than through the awakening.
Many of the most characteristic symptoms of incipient hypnosis
are present in a slight degree. Among these susceptibility and
vivacity of emotion, suggestibility, limitations of the field
of attention, marked differences in the incidence of belief-feelings
closely analogous to those which alcohol and nitrous oxide can
induce, and some degree of hyperæsthesia (increased power of
discriminating sensations) may be noted. We need not boggle at
the word ‘hypnosis’. It is sufficient to say, borrowing a phrase
from M. Jules Romains, that there is a change in the regime of
consciousness, which is directly due to the metre, and that to
this regime the above-mentioned characteristics attach. As regards
the hyperæsthesia, there may be several ways of interpreting
what can be observed. All that matters here is that syllables,
which in prose or in _vers libres_ sound thin, tinny and
flat, often gain an astonishing sonority and fullness even in
verse which seems to possess no very subtle metrical structure.
Metre has another mode of action not hitherto mentioned. There
can be little doubt that historically it has been closely associated
with dancing, and that the connections of the two still hold.
This is true at least of some ‘measures’. Either motor images,
images of the sensations of dancing, or, more probably, imaginal
and incipient movements follow the syllables and make up their
‘movement’. A place for these accompaniments should be found
in the diagram in Chapter XVI. Once the metre has begun to ‘catch
on’ they are almost as closely bound up with the sequence of
the words as the tied ‘verbal’ images themselves.
The extension of this ‘movement’ of the verse from dance forms
to more general movements is natural and inevitable. That there
is a very close connection between the sense and the metrical
movement of
And now the numerous tramplings quiver lightly
Along a huge cloud’s ridge; and now with sprightly
Wheel downward come they into fresher skies,
cannot be doubted whatever we may think of the rime.
It is not less clear in
Where beyond the extreme sea wall, and between the
remote sea gates,
Waste water washes, and tall ships founder, and deep
death waits,
or in
Ran on embattell’d Armies clad in Iron,
than it is in
We sweetly curtsied each to each
And deftly danced a saraband.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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