§ 2.—through small holdings, by which the landlord’s gain is shared. § 3. —through co-operation, by which the manager’s wages are shared. § 4. Distributive Co-operation. § 5. Productive Co-Operation. § 6. Industrial Partnership. § 7. People’s Banks. Book V. On The Influence Of Government. Chapter I. On The General Principles Of Taxation. § 1. Four fundamental rules of Taxation. § 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation. § 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of Income? § 4. Should the same percentage be levied on Perpetual and on Terminable Incomes? § 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit subject of peculiar Taxation. § 6. Taxes falling on Capital not necessarily objectionable. Chapter II. Of Direct Taxes. § 1. Direct taxes either on income or expenditure. § 2. Taxes on rent. § 3. —on profits. § 4. —on Wages. § 5. —on Income. § 6. A House-Tax. Chapter III. Of Taxes On Commodities, Or Indirect Taxes. § 1. A Tax on all commodities would fall on Profits. § 2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer. § 3. Peculiar effects of taxes on Necessaries. § 4. —how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum. § 5. Effects of discriminating Duties. § 6. Effects produced on international Exchange by Duties on Exports and on Imports. Chapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation. § 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation. § 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible? § 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation. § 4. Taxation systems of the United States and other Countries. § 5. A _Résumé_ of the general principles of taxation. Chapter V. Of A National Debt. § 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans? § 2. Not desirable to redeem a national Debt by a general Contribution. § 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the redemption of Debt. Chapter VI. Of An Interference Of Government Grounded On Erroneous Theories. § 1. The doctrine of Protection to Native Industry. § 2. —had its origin in the Mercantile System. § 3. —supported by pleas of national subsistence and national defense. § 4. —on the ground of encouraging young industries; colonial policy. § 5. —on the ground of high wages. § 6. —on the ground of creating a diversity of industries. § 7. —on the ground that it lowers prices. Appendix I. Bibliographies. Appendix II. Examination Questions. Footnotes PREFACE.