62 The exclusion of all else, has, indeed, been called one-sidedness and materialism. But, as _Senior_ says, no one blames the writer on tactics, because he confines his attention to military subjects; nor is the objection raised, that by so doing, he is encouraging eternal war. On the other hand, _J. B. Storch_ (1815) devoted a special division of his work to the consideration of “internal goods” (health, knowledge, morality, security, leisure,.etc.). See _Rau’s_ translation of his Manual, II, 337 ff. Compare _Gioja_, Nuovo Prospetto delle Scienze economiche, 1815 ff. VIII. 63 The inclination to exchange is, according to _Adam Smith_, one of the most important marks which distinguish man from the brute. (Wealth of Nations, I, ch. 2). But see _Büsch_, Geldumlanf (1780), I, § 29, on exchange among the lower animals. 64 Observed by _Aristot._ Polit. I, ch. 6. 65 The efforts of political economists to select from among the infinite number of goods, those which should constitute the subject of their investigations, have taken two directions in recent times. _Bastiat_ here confines himself too exclusively to commerce. The political economist should concern himself only with wants and satisfactions, where the labor, which is the connecting link between them, is undertaken by some other person for a consideration. Thus the ordinary act of respiration lies outside the circle, that of the diver, which is paid for, does not. (Harmonies économiques, 1850, 68 ff.) But even Robinson Crusoe had his own system of economy. Are the products which the farmer consumes in his own home, the work he does himself, any the less matters of economic moment than the products he sells, or the labors of his servants? _Schäffle_ is right when he says that ordinary respiration is no economic function, because it is an unconscious necessity of nature. But his definition is too broad, inasmuch as he places the essence of the economic character of goods or of an act, in the conscious adaptation of means to human ends. (Tübinger Progr. z. 27 Sept. 1862, 9, 24 seq.) To take a walk is no economic operation, although it may be the best means to a very important end,—health. The same goods or the same act may have, frequently, according to the end proposed, an economic or non-economic character. The beauty of the human body, for instance, however systematically made use of for purposes of vanity, is not economic _goods_. But it is an economic speculation, base though it be, when a man relies on his handsome figure to secure a wealthy wife, or, for purposes of gain, allows her to pose as a model to artists or to take part in _tableaux vivants_. According to _C. Menger_, Grundsätze der Volkswirthschaftslehre (1871) I, 51 ff.,