139 Thus _v. Justi_, Staatswirthschaft 1755. _Kraus_, Staatswirthschaft, published by Auerswald, 1808; _Schmalz_, Handbuch der Staatswirthschaft, 1808. More recently, _Hermann_, Staatswirthschaftliche Untersuchungen, 1832. In France, the expression _économie de l’état_, is very seldom used. _Gavard_, Principes del’E. d’Etat, 1796. _ 140 Pölitz_, Staatswissenschaften im Lichte unserer Zeit, II, 3. Compare _Lotz_, Handbuch der Staatswirthschaft (2d ed., 1837), I, 10 ff. 141 Our view of Political Economy holds a middle place between opposed extremes. The view expressed by _Whately_, Lectures on Political Economy (1831), No. 1, and covered by the proposed term “catalactics,” is by far too narrow. Similarly, _Macleod_, Elements of Political Economy, 1858, I, 11. A like objection may be raised to the earlier title of _Pritzwitz’s_ book: Die Kunst reich zu werden,—the art of growing rich. On the other hand, _Dunoyer_, Liberté du Travail (1845), L. IX, ch. I, goes too far altogether: “not only in what manner a nation grows rich, but according to what laws it best succeeds, in the execution of all its functions.” And so _Storch_, Handbuch, translated into German by _Rau_, I, 9. Many modern writers define Political Economy simply as the theory of society; for instance, _Scialoja_, Principj. dell’Economia sociale, 1840. _Cibrario_, E. polit. del medio Evo, III, 1842. 142 For the many and various definitions of the police power, see _von Berg_, Handbuch des Polezeirechts, I, 1-12; _Butte_, Versuch der Begründung eines System der Polezei (1807), 6 ff.; _Rosshirt_, Ueber den Begriff der Staatspolizoi (1817), 34 ff. One of the principal difficulties is, that the practical domain of the police power is, in consequence of the successive grades of civilization through which a people passes, subject to greater modifications than any other state power. We call attention especially to the expressions “without mediation, to prevent,” and “external order,” in our definition. The church, the school, the administration of justice etc., act mediately towards the prevention of such disturbances; and there are many other institutions which offer immediate protection to order of a higher and more intellectual nature. 143 See the great number of earlier definitions collected in _R. von Mohl_, Gesch. und Literatur der Staatswissenschaften III, pp. 637 ff. There are two principal groups of them, the one of which considers it as the science of things of political note, the other as the science of actual or past conditions.