230 French writers, especially, have exaggerated the influence of nature over man. Thus, _Bodin_. de Repub. (1584), V, I; _Montesquieu_, Esprit des Lois, XVII, 6. XVIII, 1, 18. _Cabanis_, Rapport du Physique et du Moral de l’Homme (1805), IX, Mémoire, Influence des Climats. _Comte_, also, Traité de Législation (1827), is of opinion that “the degree of civilization which a people may attain does not depend on the degree of development of which they are capable by nature, but on that which their geographical situation permits them to attain.” See, also, _Herodot_., III, 106; _Hippocr_., De Ære etc., 71; _Euripid_., Medea, 820 ff.; _Plutarch_, De Exilio, 13. The proper mean has been found by _E.M. Arndt_, in his Anleitung zu historischen Characterschilderungen (1810), and by _Ritter_, and his school. See, also, _K.S. Zachariæ_, Idee einer volkswirthschaftlichen Geographic als Grundlage der praktischen N. Œkonomie fur jedes einzelne Volk: Vierzig Bücher v. Staate, II, 79. See, also, _Turgot_, Géographie politique, 1750, Œuvres (ed. Daire, II, 611 ff.); _Lueder_, Nationalindustrie und Staatswirthschaft, III, 1800 ff. _ 231 Malte Brun_, Précis. de la Geographie universelle, VI. pr. _ 232 Strabo_, IV, 178. On the climate of ancient Germany, see _Tacit_, Germ, 2. _ 233 Fraser_, Travels in Koordistan and Mesopotamia, II, 5. See, also, the description of ancient Susiana in _Strabo_ XV, 731, with that of the new one by _M’Kinneir_, Geogr. Memoir of Persia, 92. 234 Thus, _Galenus_, De Usu Partium Corporis humani, L. I. The animal nearest to man mentally, the elephant, is also possessed of a member more like the human hand than any other animal. Its trunk was called _manus_ by the Romans. Hence the Indians call the elephant, the animal gifted with a hand. _Buffon’s_ view is exaggerated by Helvetius in the interests of materialism. _Aristotle_, (De partt. anim. IV, 10), opposes the saying of Anaxagoras: διὰ τὸ χεῖρας ἔχειν φρονιμώτατον εἶναι τῶν ζώων ἄνθρωπον. Compare _Bell_, On the human Hand, 1836. 235 As to the imperfection of the ordinary division into agricultural, industrial and commercial labor, see _John Stuart Mill_, I, ch. 2, 9. The division of all labor into mental and physical, is not more satisfactory; for even the basest labor is not wholly physical. See _Buckle_, History of Civilization, vol. II. _ 236 Dioscorides_ and _Galen_ were acquainted with, at most, 600 plants; _Linnæus_, with 8,000. About 1812, about 30,000 had been described; in 1837, about 60,000; in 1849, about 100,000. _Buckle_, History of Civilization etc., II, p. 359. _ 237 Industrie extractives_, according to _Dunoyer_. When nature’s spontaneous gifts are exhausted, this _occupation_ readily becomes _production_.