_ 238 Industrie voituriére_, according to _Dunoyer_; _industria traslocatrice_ in opposition to _trasformatrice_, according to _Scialoja_. _Ortes_ distinguishes only four classes: _agricoltori_, _artefici_, _dispensatori_ and _administratori_, or _raccoglitori_, _manifattori_, and _difensori di bene_ (E. N. I, 2; III, 14). _A. Walker_, Science of Wealth (1867), p. 34, knows only three classes: transmutation, transformation, transportation. 239 This is not to be understood in the sense, that there ever was a period in which these sciences were unknown. We need only mention the position occupied by the priest and knight in the middle ages. But, looked upon as economic labor, intended only for purposes of free commerce, they have become very important only within a relatively recent period of time. Thus, for instance, there was in Lower Austria, in 1866, one lawyer or notary to every 6,569 inhabitants; in Bohemia, to every 14,860; in Galicia, to every 22,361; in the whole of Cis-Leithanian Austria, 12,259. In 1865, there was in Prussia, one to every 11,149; in Bavaria, to every 7,350; in Hanover, to every 4,946; in 1862, in Baden, one to every 4,992; in 1867, in Saxony, one to every 3,048. _Hildebrand’s_ Tagebuch, 1868, I, 234. There was in Prussia, in 1871, one doctor to every 3,230 inhabitants; in Berlin, to every 1,100; in Heldesheim, to 1,803; in Cologne, to 2,120, in Marienwerder, to 7,240; in Gumbinnen, to 10,047. _Engel_, Preuss. Statis. Zeitschrift, 1872, 376. The verb “to plow” is, according to comparative philologists, of more recent origin than “to weave.” (_Lassen_, Indische Alterth. I, 814 ff.) And yet agriculture, in the sense above indicated, undoubtedly precedes industry. 240 Observed by _Geiler v. Kaisersberg_. Compare _Schmoller_ in the Tübinger Zeitschr., 1860, 483. Hour wages occupy a middle place between day wages and piece wages. 241 Thus the introduction of piece wages into lower Silesia has increased the daily earnings of workmen by one-third, one-half, and even more. _Engel’s_ Stastist. Zeitschr. (1868), p. 327. The investigations of the German agricultural congress on the condition of agricultural laborers in the German empire (report of _v. d. Goltz_, 1875) show that in all Germany on an average, the daily earnings of a contract workman (_Accordlöhner_) is to the daily summer wages of a day laborer as 15:10 (1420). On the other hand, _Brassey_, in the construction of a railway, found that the same workmen engaged in grading, digging, etc., cost 18 pence per yard when paid by the day, and 7 pence when paid by the piece. (Work and Wages, 266.) Swiss experience is, that production became 20 per cent. cheaper under the piece wages system. (_Böhmert_, Beitr., 109.)