247 Day laborers, for instance, must be watched over during the harvest, to prevent their idling away their time, and piece-workers to prevent their continuing to work in spite of wet weather, binding sheaves, for instance, which causes the sheaves to rot. In England, it is considered almost an impossibility to induce laborers to cut wheat close enough to the soil. (_Sinclair_, Code of Agriculture, 102.) The haste of piece-workers, in the harvest of the rape, occasions great loss, by the fall of the seed. In Russia the removing of the hide from animals is paid for by the piece, and the laborers injure a very large number of skins in their haste. _Steinhaus_, Russlands industrielle und commercielle Verhältnisse, 425. Piece-wages are to be entirely discountenanced in the reeling of silk. See _Bernouilli_, Technologie, II, 215. A yearly salary is to be recommended in the tending of cattle, because here a certain connection (_Anschluss_) with individuals is desirable. In building trades, contractors in England prefer a regular salary; but they employ model workmen, the so-called “bell horses,” to whom they pay a large salary, and who keep the others on the strain by their example, and who on that account are very much hated by their colleagues. _ 248 Adam Smith_, W. of Nations, I, ch. 8. _Howlett_, also, l. c., thinks that piece-wages increase the earnings of workmen, but at the expense of their capacity for constant labor. _Count Görtz_, in his Reise, 328, relates with what fatal effect piece-work in Demarara tells on white laborers and their horses. After the February Revolution, Parisian workmen demanded the abolition of piece-wages, and obtained it in several manufactories. Revue des deux Mondes, March 15, 1848. 249 In several Swiss factories, understrappers receive a salary, while _monteurs_ work by groupe-contract. (_Böhmert_, Arbeiterverältnisse und Fabrikeinrichtungen der Schw., II, 70.) Sub-contracting, where the contract is generally made with only one person, for the most part of more than average capacity, and this latter contracts with other workmen on his own account entirely, is considered by philanthropic employers of labor as one of the worst kinds of remuneration. The more democratic system of gang-contract is much better, although even here, it is very easy for the weaker members of a good gang to overwork themselves. (Edinburg Review, October, 1873, 365.)