256 Little light can be thrown on this subject by a comparison of different countries. Thus, in France, there are 614 persons in every 1,000 examined fit for military service; in Bavaria, 705; in Denmark, 523; in Austria, 498; in Prussia, 284; in Saxony, 259; in England, where the conscription is from among the lowest classes, 665; and in Württemberg, 490. (_Wappäus_, Allg. Bevölkerungsstatistik, II, 71, 140.) _Massy_, Remarks on the Examination of Recruits, 1854. (_Memminger_, Würt. Jahrb., 1843, 103.) The comparison of different parts of the same state is much more instructive. Thus, in Saxony, cities afford only 197, and the flat country only 265 per 1,000 (Sächs. statist. Ztschr., 1856, No. 4 ff.); and in France there are among those of illegitimate birth a very large number unfit for military service. (Journ. des Econ., 1850, XXV, 69.) According to the Austrian Annual of military statistics, there were in 1870, on an average, throughout the entire monarchy, 211 per 1,000 of those liable to enter the ranks of the military, fit for service; in the Innsbruck command, 325; in Lemberg, 179. _ 257 M. Chevalier_, Cours, I, 115. _Adam Smith_, B. I, ch. 8, noticed the great industry of well paid workmen. Among the uneducated, labor must almost necessarily be repulsive in proportion as it is illy remunerated. 258 Thus _A. Young_ remarked that wages in Ireland are wretchedly low, while labor is far from being cheap. In his “Evidence in Respect to the Occupation of Land in Ireland,” II, 135, he says that a Scotch day laborer at 1s. per day is cheaper than an Irish day laborer at ½s. According to _McCulloch_, “Statis. Account of the British Empire,” I, 666, industrial labor in Germany and France is dearer than in England, because in the former countries there are, _ceteris paribus_, twice as many laborers employed in most manufactures. See _Senior_, Lectures on Wages, 1830, 11, and the reports of the committees of parliament, _passim_ on French manufactures (1825). The same has been experienced in the agricultural history of Schleswig-Holstein. See _Hanssen_, Archiv. der Politisch. Œk. IV, 421. _La main d’œuvre est chère en Russie dès qu’il s’agit d’une certaine capacité et d’un certain degré d’instruction professionelle, tandis que celle de l’ouvrier ordinaire n’est nulle part aussi bas._ (_Tégoborsky._) 259 Thus even _Columella_, R. R. I, 9. _J. S. Mill_, Principles, I, ch. 7, 5.