311 Before the predominance of the Mercantile System, _Montchrétien_ very cleverly called all trades: _parcelles et fragments de cette sagesse divine que Dieu nous communique par le moyen de la raisen_. By means of the three estates; _labourers, artisans, merchands, tout état est nourri; par eux tout profit se fait. L’utilité règle les rangs des arts_. (Traité, 12, 45, 66.) The teaching of _P. Gregorius Tolosanos_ (ob. 1597) on the different classes of society and the different callings of men, is still more in keeping with the present doctrine of production; only, in the moralizing tone of the time, he speaks rather of their dignity than of their influence in creating wealth: De Rep. I, 195. See, also, the earlier views of _Franc. Patricius_ (ob. 1494), De Rep. I, 4, 7, 8. 312 Compare _A. Serra_, Breve Trattato delle Cause che possono far abbondare i Regni d’Oro d’Argento, 1613. _Th. Mun_, England’s Treasure by foreign Trade, 1664. _Ch. King_, British Merchant or Commerce Preserved, 1721. But, particularly, _A.C. Leib_, Von Verbesserung Land und Leuten etc. (1708), who, from the point of view of the Mercantile System, draws a very clear distinction between the productive and unproductive classes. See, also, _infra_, § 116. First thoroughly refuted by _W. Petty_, Political Anatomy of Ireland, 67, 82. Quantulumcunque concerning Money (1682). _D. North_, Discourses upon trade (1691). See _Roscher’s_ Geschichte der englischen Volkswirthschaftslehre, 77, 88, 138. And later, especially, _Ad. Smith_, W. of N. IV., ch. 1 ff. _Adam Smith’s_ doctrine of productive and unproductive labor is to be found already, in this period, in _Petty_, Several Essays, 127 ff. Political Anatomy, 185 ff; also, in the anonymous work, A Discourse of Trade, Coyn and Paper Credit, London (1697), 44, 159.