_ 313 Quesnay_, Dialogue sur les Travaux des Artisans, 210 ff.; 289 éd. Daire; _Turgot_, Sur la Formation etc., § 8; _Dupont_, Correspondence avec J.B. Say, 400, éd. Daire. _B. Franklin_, Letter to Dr. Evans (1768), and Positions Concerning National Wealth (1769), Works ed. Sparks, VII and II. Similarly even _Aristotle_, Oec., I, 2, says, that commerce, wage-labor and war win from men, with or without their will; but that only agriculture obtains booty from nature. And so _Cicero_ says of merchants: _nihil proficiunt, nisi admodum mentiantur_. De Off., I, 42. The same view seems to have prevailed during the middle ages. See _Thom. Aquin._, De Rebus publicis, II, 3, 5 seq. _Luther_ entertained a like notion (Vom Kaufhandel und Wucher, 1524). He prefers agriculture to the trades. See the Irmischer edition of his works, XXII, 284; XXXVI, 172; LXI, 352. _Calvin_ considered commerce both useful and honorable; so that _ex ipsius mercatoris diligentia atque industria_, its profit may be greater than that of agriculture. (Opp. ed. Amstelod, 1664, IX, 223.) _Asgill_, Several Assertions proved in order to create another Species of Money than Gold (1691): “what we call commodities is nothing but land severed from the soil; man deals in nothing but earth.” Concerning _Cantillon_, compare § 47, note 4. How violent an innovation the Physiocratic theory was in its time may be inferred from what _Zincke_ writes in the Leipzig Sammlungen, X, 551 ff. (1753), p. 20, XIII, 861. _ 314 Quesnay_, l. c., 189, does not ignore that many workmen earn more than the cost of their necessary subsistence; but he claimed that this was a result of a natural or legal monopoly of the same. The dearer labor was, the more productive it seemed. Per contra, see _Dohm_ on the Physiocratic system, in the Deutsch. Museum, 1778, II, 313 ff. _ 315 Gournay_ (compare _Turgot_, Eloge de G., in Guillaumin’s edition, I, 266, 271 ff.), as well as _Raynal_, Histoire des Indes, vol. X, Livre 19, spite of the similarity of their and Quesnay’s views, acknowledged on this account, the productiveness of industry. For some remarkable examples illustrative of how it may increase the value in exchange of raw material, see the anonymous work, Paying Old Debts without New Taxes, London, 1723. See also _Algarotti_ (ob. 1794), 318, in _Custodi_, Economisti classici italiani, Parte moderna, I. Thus a cwt. of coarse cast iron is converted, in a Berlin manufactory, into 88,440 shirt buttons worth 6-⅔ silver groschens each. Hence the value is raised from 1-2 thalers to 19,653 thalers. The increase of the value in use by industrial labor is self-evident. _ 316 Quesnay_, Dialogue sur le Commerce.