To which it must be added, that, in 1851, there were 2.86 _sans profession ou dont les professions n’ont pu être constatées_; and that, in 1866, on the other hand, there were 2.87 per cent. in _professions se rattachant à l’agriculture, industrie et commerce. (Legoyt.)_ In England and Wales, leaving the domestic class out of consideration (women without an independent means of employment, school children, servant girls etc.), and also the “indefinite class,” there were, in 1861, 25.3 per cent. of the population engaged in agricultural pursuits; 60.7 in industrial; 7.8 in commercial; and 6.06 in professional pursuits. In Italy, omitting housewives, children and infirm persons, there were, in 1862, 57.4 per cent. of the population engaged in agriculture; 22.9 in industrial pursuits; 4 in commerce; and 3.9 per cent. in the army and in the liberal professions. (Annali univ. di Statistica, Febbr., 1866.) On Holland, in the middle of the 17th century, see _J. de Wit_, Mémoires, 34 seq. _ 341 Csaplovics_, Gemälde von Ungarn II, 1. _Torrens_, The Budget: On commercial and colonial Policy, 106 ff. 342 Precisely as there are more people ruined by spirituous liquors than by bread. Time thieving is also more frequent among servants. There is scarcely anything in agriculture analogous to the lazzaroni who wait all day to help a gondola to land, to unload a coach, etc. There is more in the chase, in the fisheries, or in the cattle raising. 343 Compare _Bastiat_, Harmonies économiques, ch. 17. Hence _Sismondi_ accounts it one of the chief merits of the constitutional state, that in it, the _population gardienne_ does not regulate its own remuneration. (N.P., I, 144.) _Saint Simon_, indeed, says that the French members of the _Chambre_, in his time, drew a revenue from the state, three times as large as from their own resources, and were, therefore, deeply interested in increasing the budget. (Vues sur la Propriété et la Législation, 1818.) I would call attention also to the national over-estimation and over-crowding of learned callings from which Germany suffered, even as far back as the time of Louis XIV. (_v. Schröder_, Fürstl. Schatz-und Rentkammer, 302 ff.); to the disproportionate number of keepers of public houses, which is related to the system of popular assemblies, and is a regular attendant upon Democracy (_Bronner_, Der C. Aargau, I, 451.) Taxation-legislation may here become a good means of popular education.