344 This was recognized very early by _Gregor. Tolsan_, l.c. _Ad. Müller_, Elemente, II, 255. _Storch_, Handbuch, II, 229 ff. (_Schleiermacher_, Christ. Sitte, 668.) _A. Smith,_ W. of N., II, ch. 5, ascribed greater productiveness to agricultural than to industrial labor; in the former case, not only human labor was put in operation, but the forces of nature were compelled to coöperate with them. Similarly, _Malthus_, Additions (1817) to the Essay on the Principle of Population, B. III, ch. 8-12. Principles of P. E., 217 ff. Both thus explain the rent of land, and so far as products, which have only value in exchange are concerned, they are right. Hence it is all the more surprising that _Carey_, the zealous advocate of a protective tariff and opponent of rent, comes back in this to Adam Smith. Principles of Social Science, 1858, II, 35, and passim. Compare also _J. B. Say_, Traité, II, ch. 8; _Sismondi_, N. P., II, ch. 5. For the best refutation of this view, see _Ricardo_, Principles, ch. 2, 3. Does not all labor put the force of nature in operation? _Ad opera nihil aliud potest homo, quam ut corpora naturalia admoveat, reliqua natura intus transigit._ (_Bacon._) Similarly, _Verri_, Meditazioni, III, 1. An expression escapes even _Ricardo_ himself (ch. 7), to the effect, that capitalists are the producing class. 345 Relying on very superficial statistics of England and France, _Ganilh_ advocates a theory of the productive forces of the several branches of economy the very reverse of _Adam Smith’s_. He places foreign trade first; then follow wholesale trade, industry and agriculture. (Théorie, I, 240 seq.) 346 Ausland, 1846, No. 54. Expressions still used in Europe, such as _Spindelmagen_ (spindle-relation), _Kunkellehen_ (apron-string-hold) etc., for instance, suggest this most ancient and purely family division of labor. The lower classes of the population, even in the most civilized countries, are wont to preserve some of the peculiar customs of very primitive times. Hence it is that among proletarians, the division of labor between males and females is still very small. The employments usual at different stages of life among men, and the costumes worn by them are much more uniform than among the higher classes. See _Riehl_, Die Familie, 1855, passim. 347 As _Dankwardt_ shows, the _jus civile_ of the earliest Roman time is based on the condition of isolated labor, the later _jus gentium_, on the division of labor. N. Œk. und Jurisprudenz, 1857, Heft. I.