387 As one’s peculiar calling does not take up all his life, we must draw a clear distinction between the one-sidedness of labor and the one-sidedness of life, (_von Mangoldt_, Volkswirthschaftslehre, 227.) Only the last is to be avoided at all hazards; and we find it in the middle ages, with its limited divisions of labor, perhaps more frequently than where civilization has attained a higher stage. During the middle ages, it was not unusual to make feelings which every one should cultivate at times, if only temporarily, the lasting calling of some. Thus one prayed his whole life long, or was engaged in contemplation, and relieved others of the necessity of performing these duties. The consequence was, that the latter sank as deeply in worldliness and want of the interior spirit as the former were plunged in idleness and hypocrisy. But, on the other hand, when, in our day, the printer relieves the writer of a portion of the labor which might be his, the personal development of neither suffers. _ 388 L’uomo è un’ tal potenza, che unita all’ altra non fa un eguale alla somma, ma al quadrato della somma._ (_Genovesi._) As to how the action of every individual man is a species of division and union of different kinds of labor, see _Stein_, Lehrbuch, 24. 389 Compare _Ad. Müller_, Elemente der Staatskunst, III, 1809. _Fr. List_, System der polit. Œkonomie, 222 ff., 409 ff. _Wakefield_, in his edition of Adam Smith, distinguishes two degrees of coöperation, simple and complex. In the case of simple labor, the same sort of work is performed at the same time and place by several individuals, as, for instance, by a lot of hod-carriers in building. In the other case, there are different kinds of work performed at different times and places, but all intended for the one greater end. Agriculture affords room for the first especially, and it is known also to a great number of animal species. 390 Flemish weavers in England, French refugees in Protestant countries; German miners in Spain, Scandinavia, Hungary and America. 391 This, so very largely developed in Egypt and India, where the principle of caste obtains, is very little developed in the despotisms of Asia. The great princes, in the latter countries, build largely from vanity only. Hence their successors seldom complete their works, and scarcely repair them. Nowhere else are there so many half completed and yet decaying buildings. _Klemm_, Kulturgeschichte, VIII, 86. _Riedel_, N. Œkonomie I, 259, very correctly remarks that such kinds of coöperation as contribute most to the propagation of skill, both in commerce and manual labor, have less real division of labor, and vice versa. 392 Compare _Leplay_, La Réforme sociale en France (1864).