the fantastic character of the presentation of the doctrine. He would have all the land divided into districts of 1,000 acres each; each district to have a four-cornered town with 1,000 inhabitants, following a system of production and consumption in common, but not with full equality; carrying on both agriculture and other business. A principal feature here is an entirely new system of education. The author says that man has hitherto been the slave of an execrable trinity: positive religion, personal property and indissoluble wedlock. (Declaration of mental independence.) 396 Compare _Tacitus_, Histor., II, 44. 397 See _Iselin_, Geschichte der Menschheit (1764), III, 7. _Bazard_, Exposition de la Doctrine de Saint Simon, 1831, 153. Among negro nations deprivation of freedom is one of the most usual punishments for crime; but the criminal has the option of substituting his wife or child for himself. _L.A. de Oliveira Mendez_, in the Memor. econom. of the Royal Academy of Lisbon, vol. IV, I, 1812. As to slavery on account of crime among the Germans, see _Grimm,_ D. Rechtsalterth., 328 seq. 398 Loss at play was a frequent cause of slavery among the ancient Germans. _Tacit._, Germ., 24. For the principal causes of slavery among the Israelites, see the books of Moses, II, 22, 3; III, 25, 39; IV, 21, 26 seq.; among the Indians, Laws of Menu, VIII, 415. The first serfs of Russia were prisoners of war and their children. The laws of Jaroslaws recognize, besides, the following causes: insolvency, contracting marriage with a slave, the illegal breach of a contract for service, flight, unconditional contract for service. _Karamsin_, Russ. Gesch., II, 37. 399 At least seed and the means of subsistence until harvest time. 400 Cases of voluntary slavery to escape famine. _Papencordt_, Geschichte der Vandalen, 186; _Victor_, Chron., V, 17; Tur., VII, 45; Lex Bajuv, VI, 3; L. Fris, XI, I. According to the Edictum Pistense (a., 864), c., 34, one could free himself again by paying back the purchase money and 20 per cent. in addition. It frequently happened that people spontaneously accepted the condition of a vassal in order to enjoy the protection of a powerful personage. See _Stüve_, Lasten des Grundeigenthums, p. 74. In 1812, a young Himalayan offered himself to the traveler Moorcroft as a slave in order to obtain food during the famine. _K. Ritter_, Erdkunde, III, p. 999. The same fact occurred, but in greater proportions under Joseph in Egypt. _Moses_, I, 47, 18 seq. _ 401 Cæsar_, B.G., VI, 13.