406 In Russia, where free peasants and serfs lived side by side, it has been remarked that the latter were never so rich and never so poor as the former. (_Kohl_, Reise durch Russland II, 8, 300.) The Livonian peasants have become poorer since their emancipation. (_Cancrin_, Œkonomie der menschlichen Gesellschaften, 41). Many of the serfs refused to accept emancipation. (_Büsch_, Geldumlauf, Einleitung, § 6.) And so _Martius_, Reise in Brasilien II, 552 ff., assures us that the negro slaves in Brazil are as a rule a very merry set. He is also of the opinion that they are better clothed, lodged, fed and employed than in their own country. For the remarkable official defense of North American slavery directed by _Calhoun_, to Lord Aberdeen, see the Allg. Zeitung, 1844, No. 145. In this document, we find a comparison instituted between the free negroes of the north and the slaves of the south. In the north, there was one deaf-mute, a case of blindness and of insanity in every 96; in the south, in every 672; a pauper, invalid and prisoner in every 6 at the north, in every 54 at the south. In Maine, 1/12th of the negroes were afflicted by disease; in Florida, 1/1105th(?). The fact that the slave population of the United States increased, between 1840 and 1860, from 2,873,698 to 4,441,830, while the free negro population of Jamaica, between 1833 and 1843, underwent a frightful decrease, is to the same purport. However, too much must not be inferred from all this, as the negroes in America are very far from being the children of the soil. 407 The servants in the Odyssey who cared for hogs and cattle etc. were certainly in a better condition in many respects than the peasants of Attica, who were free, but buried in debt until the time of Solon. Concerning the mildness of the treatment of slaves in very early Roman times, see _Plutarch_, Coriol., 24, and _Cato_, I, 3, 20 ff.; _Cato_, de Re rust, 5, 56 ff.; _Macrob._, Stat. I, 10 ff. On the state of the serfs among the Germans, see _Grimm_, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, p. 339 ff.; among the ancient Scandinavians etc., _Dahlman_, Geschichte von Dänemark, I, 163. See _Tacit._, Germ., 25. 408 Compare Landnamabok, I, 6.