The political and military bearing of this very clearly recognized. (102 ff., éd Daire.) Hence _Quesnay_, favors it in every way; by large farming instead of small, by stock raising on a large scale, supplanting home labor by cheaper foreign labor, by machinery and the employment of manual labor, etc.; 91 ff., 200 ff., 274 ff. The elder _Mirabeau_ teaches even that the goodness of a government or of a constitution, and even national morality may be inferred from the amount of the _produit net_. (Ph. rurale, ch. 5.) _Stewart_, Principles, I, ch. 20. _Adam Smith_ gives greater prominence to the gross income, and grades the principal branches of national labor according as they increase the gross product of the nation's economy. (II, chs. 1, 5.) Similarly, _J. B. Say_, Traité, ch. 8, § 3; _Lauderdale_, Inquiry, 142. _Ricardo_ thoroughly reacts against this view, and considers it a matter of indifference whether a net product (interest on capital and rent) of a given amount be obtained by the labor of five or seven million other men, so long as only five million can live on it. (Principles, ch. 26.) Similarly _Ganilh_, Systèmes, I, 218 ff.; Théorie, II, 96. Controverted by _Malthus_, Principles, II, § 6. _Buquoy_, Theorie der Nat. Wirthsch., 1815, 310 ff. _Sismondi_ has ridiculed this predilection for the net product which in _Ricardo_ corresponds with what the Germans call free product (_freien Ertrage_), and which, contrary to Ricardo's own opinion, he calls Ricardo's ideal, saying that according to him, nothing more was to be desired but that "the king should remain alone on the island and, by turning a crank forever, do all the work of England through the instrumentality of automata." (N. P., II, 330 ff.) An entire people should value only gross product. (I, 183.) In his Etudes, Essai, II: Du Revenu Social, _Sismondi_ distinguishes as elements of the gross national income: a, pure capital, the return of outlay; b, that which is at once both capital and income, and serves as family support (capital as a necessarily remaining supply, income as the product of the preceding year); c, net income, the excess of production over consumption.