Hence _Engel_ thinks that when the articles of food, clothing, shelter, heating and lighting have become dearer by 50 per cent., and other wants have not, and it is desired to proportionately increase the salaries of officials, salaries of 300, 600 and 1,000 thalers should be raised to 427.5, 800 and 1,275 thalers respectively. (Preuss. Statist. Zeitschr., 1875.) _E. Herrmann_, Pricipien der Wirthsch., 106, estimates that in all Europe, 45.6 of all consumption is for food, 13.2 for clothing, 5.7 for shelter, 4.6 for furnishing, 5.3 for heating and lighting, 2.6 for tools and utensils, 13.3 for public security, 6.6 for purposes of recreation. Compare _Leplay_, Les Ouvriers Européens, 1855, and _v. Prittwitz_, Kunst reich zu werden, 487 ff. The expenses for shelter, service and sociability are specially apt to increase with an increase of income.] [Footnote 214-8: The necessity of an equilibrium between production and consumption was pretty clear to many of the older political economists. Thus, for instance, _Petty_ calls the coarse absence of the feeling of higher wants among the Irish the chief cause of their idleness and poverty. Similarly _Temple_, Observations on the N. Provinces, ch. 6, in which Ireland and Holland are compared in this relation. _North_, Discourses upon Trade, 14 seq.; Potscr. _Roscher_, Zur Geschichte der english. Volswirthschaftslehre, 83, 91, 127 ff. _Becher_, polit. Discurs., 1668, 17 ff., was of opinion that the principal cause keeping the three great estates together, the very soul of their connection, was consumption. Hence the peasant lived from the tradesman, and the tradesman from the merchant. (_Boisguillebert_, Détail de la France, I, 4, II, 9, 21.) According to _Berkeley_, Querist, No. 20, 107, the awakening of wants is the most probable way to lead a people to industry. And so _Hume_, loc. cit., _Forbonnais_, Eléments du Commerce, I, 364. The Physiocrates were in favor of active consumption. Thus _Quesnay_, Maximes générales, 21 seq.; _Letrosne_, De l'Interêt social, I, 12. _La reproduction et la consommation sont rêciprocquement la mesure l'une de l'autre._ Some of them considered consumption even as the chief thing (_Mirabeau_, Philosophie rurale, ch. 1), which could never be too great. Further, _Verri_, Meditazioni, I, 1-4. _Büsch_, Geldumlauf, III, 11 ff.