Let any one who would embrace the three periods of luxury in one view, compare the funeral ceremonies of the Greek age of chivalry (_Homer_, Il.), with those in _Thucyd._ (II, 34, ff.), _Demosth._ (Lept., 499 seq.), and the interment of Alexander the Great and, of his friend Hephaestion (_Diodor._, XVII, 115, XVIII, 26 ff.) Sullas (Serv. ad _Virgil_, Æneid VI, 861. _Plutarch_, Sulla, 38), and that of the wife of the emperor Nero (_Plin._, H. N. XII, 41). _Roscher_, loc. cit. 66 ff.] SECTION CCXXXIII. LUXURY-POLICY. Sumptuary laws (_die Luxusgesetzgebung_) have been aimed, at all times, principally at the outlay for clothing, for the table and for funerals.[233-1] In most nations the policy of luxury has its beginning in the transition from the first to the second period of luxury above described.[233-2] The extravagant feasts, which remain of the first period, seem vulgar to the new public opinion which is created. On the other hand, the conveniences of life, the universality, the refinement and variety of enjoyments characteristic of the second period are not acceptable to the austerity of old men, and are put down as effeminacy. In this period the bourgeoisie generally begin to rise in importance, and the feudal aristocracy to decay. The higher classes see the lower approximate to them in display, with jealous eyes. And, hence, dress is wont to be graded in strict accordance with the differences of class.[233-3] But these laws must be regarded as emanating from the tendency, which prevails in these times, of the state to act as the guardian of its wards, its subjects. The authority of the state waxes strong in such periods; and with the first consciousness of its power, it seeks to draw many things into its sphere, which it afterwards surrenders. [Footnote 233-1: Which of these three kinds of luxury specially preponderated has always depended on the peculiarities of national character. Thus, among the ancient Romans, it was the second; among the French, the first. In Germany the prohibitions relating to "toasts," or drinking one another's health have played a great part. Thus the well-known Cologne reformation of 1837. Compare _Seb. Münster_, Cosmogr., 326.]