[Footnote 144-4: Thus, for instance, the support given by the head of a family to the members thereof; also gifts, alms, thefts. Even _A. L. Schlözer_, St. A., II, 487, will allow that no one "eats the bread of another," but the person who has received it from the latter by way of favor and for nothing. In the case of a rented house, there is only an exchange of objects of income. The person to whom it is rented gives up a portion of his, and the renting party the use of his house. Similarly, in the case of personal services. Writers who maintain that only certain kinds of useful labor are productive, must of course extend the limits of diverted income much farther. See _Lotz_, Handbuch, III, § 133; _Rau_, Lehrbuch, I, §§ 248, 251. _Cantillon_ thinks that if no landowner spent more than his income, it would be scarcely possible for any one else to grow rich. (Nature du Commerce, 75.) According to _Stein_, Lehrbuch, 347, every one gets his income from the income of other people!] SECTION CXLV. INCOME.--GROSS, FREE AND NET. In all _income_, we may distinguish a _gross_ amount, a _net_ amount and a _free_ amount.[145-1] The gross income of a year, for instance, consists of all the goods which have been newly produced within that time. The net[145-2] income is that portion of the former which remains after deducting the cost of production (§ 106), and which may therefore be consumed without diminishing the original resources. Only the new values incorporated in the new commodities make up the net income. Evidently, a great portion of what is considered in one business the cost of production is net income in a great many others; as for instance, what the person engaged in one enterprise in production has paid out in wages and interest on capital. By means of this outlay, a portion of his circulating capital is drawn by others as income, and, on the other hand, a portion of their original income is turned into a portion of his circulating capital.[145-3] _Free_ income, I call that portion of net income which remains available to the producer after his indispensable wants have been satisfied.