[Footnote 157-2: When the demand for products of the soil which minister to luxury, such as fat meat, milk, vegetables, is increasing, a greater cheapness of the necessary wheat may raise rent, for the reason that lands are now cultivated which were not formerly tillable. Thus, there is now land in Lancashire which could not formerly be planted with corn, because the laborers would have consumed more than the harvest yielded. Since the large imports of the means of subsistence from Ireland these lands have been transformed into artificial meadows, gardens, etc. (_Torrens_, The Budget, 180 ff.) Compare _Adam Smith_, I, 257, ed. Bas. _Banfield_ would misuse these facts to overturn the theory of Ricardo. (Organization of Industry, 1848, 49 ff.)] [Footnote 157-3: The French testamentary tax was on an amount, In 1835, of 552 mill. francs moveable property and 984 " immoveable. In 1853, of 820 " francs moveable property and 1,176 " immoveable. In 1860, of 1,179 " francs moveable property and 1,545 " immoveable. so that the preponderance of immoveable property constituted a converging series of 78, 43, and 31 per cent. (_Parieu._) In North America, with its great unoccupied territory, the reverse is the case. The census of 1850 gave a moveable property of 36 per cent.; that of 1860 of only 30 per cent. According to _Dubost_, the rent of land in Algeria was 80 per cent., a gross product of only 10-15 francs per _hectare_; in Corsica, 66 per cent., a gross yield of from 30-35 per cent.; in the Department du Nord, 17.5-24 per cent., a gross yield of from 500-740 francs. (Journal des Economistes, Juin, 1870, 336 ff.)] [Footnote 157-4: The repeated sifting of the bran (_mouture économique_) had great influence in this respect. In France, in the sixteenth century, a _setier_ of wheat gave only 144 pounds of bread. In 1767, according to _Malouin_, L'Art du Bonlanger, it gave 192 pounds. It now gives from 223 to 240 pounds. The gain in barley is still greater; the _setier_ gives 115 pounds of flour, formerly only 58. (_Roquefort_, Histoire de la Vie Privée des Français, I, 72 ff. _Beckmann_, Beitr. zur Gesch. der Erfind., II, 54.)]