[Footnote 174-4: _Adam Smith_, loc. cit., on this point describes China as a stationary country (according to _R. Fortune_, Wanderings in China, 1847, 9, a decided decline has been noticeable there for a long time), and Bengal as a declining one. On the condition of wages among the Romans, _Juvenal_, III, 21 ff., is one of the principal sources. Hence the desire to emigrate because honest labor had no longer any foothold (23 ff.). Poor dwellings of the laboring class, dark, exposed to danger from fire (166, 190 ff., 225), and yet comparatively dear (223 seq.). Numerous crowds of robbers and beggars (302 ff.; IV, 116 ff.; V, 8; XIV, 134). On beggary, see _Seneca_, Controv., V, 33. De Element., II, 6. De Vita beata, 25 ff. _Martial_, V, 81, XIV, 1, complains of the absence of outlook among the poorer classes. _Horace_, too, is rich in passages which might be appropriately cited in this connection. Characteristic question of the nabobs, in _Petron._, 48, 5: What on earth is that thing called a pauper?] [Footnote 174-5: Thus, in China, the East Indies, etc., people travel in palanquins borne by men; in a multitude of cases, Chinese commodities are carried in wheelbarrows; and a great many roads are constructed, in reference not to wagons, properly so-called, but to this species of vehicle. How heartless the Chinese, who, before they save a drowning man, first higgle about the reward, and take pleasure in pestilence, famine, etc., because those who survive profit by them. See _Finlaison_, Journey of the Mission to Siam, 1826, 62 ff.] [Footnote 174-6: Hence _Menander_ (342-290 before Christ) says it is better to be the slave of a good master than to live wretched in freedom. (_Stobœus_, Flor., 62, § 7. _Meinecke_, Fr. com. Gr., IV, 274.) _Libanios_, too, (Tom., 483, Reiske), in his "Blame of Poverty," represents slavery as better cared for, and freer from worry. Horrible contracts made even in Cæsar's time, from want, by freemen, to become gladiator-slaves. _Cicero_, pro Roscio, Am. 6; _Horat._, Serm., II, 7, 58 ff.; _Petron._, 117; _Seneca_, Epist., 37. And so by Justinian, cases of declined freedom are supposed. (L. 15, _Justin._, Cod., VII, 2.) "_Dans une armée on estime bien moins un pionnier, qu'un cheval de caisson, parce que le cheval est fort cher, et qu'on a le pionier pour rien. La suppression de l'esclavage a fait passer ce calcul de la guerre dans la vie commune._" (_Linguet._)] [Footnote 174-7: _Sismondi_ is guilty, however, of a philanthropic exaggeration when he says that the labor of children is always fruitless to the laboring classes. (R. P. I., 235.)]