In France, about forty years ago, according to Chaptal, Doudeauville, Balbi and others, about 6,500,000,000 francs gross national income could be counted on. _Schnitzler_ speaks of 7,000,000,000 francs (Creation de la Richesse en France, 1842, I, 392), after deduction made of the raw material of manufacture. According to _Wolowski_, Statistique de la Fr., 1847, it was more than 12,000,000,000 francs. _M. Chevalier_, Revue des deux Mondes, March 15, 1848, has it 10,000,000,000 at most. In these four estimates, only material products are taken into account. _Ch. Dupin_ thinks the income per capita was, in 1730, = 108 francs; in 1780, = 169; in 1830, = 269. _Cazeaux_, Eléments, 163, estimated the net national income, in 1825, at 5,000,000,000 francs; _Cochut_, in 1861, at 16,000,000,000. (Revue des deux Mondes, XXXVII, 703.) In Spain, _Borrego_, Nationalreichthum, etc. Spaniens, 1834, 33, estimated the income from agriculture at 2,284,000,000 francs; from industry, etc., 361,000,000; commerce, 124,000,000; from houses, 186,000,000; canals, streets etc., 8,500,000; personal services, 75,000,000; money in circulation (probably loaned capital), 85,000,000. In the United States, in 1840, the national income was estimated at over $1,063,000,000; from agriculture, over $654,000,000; from manufactures, nearly $240,000,000; commerce, almost $80,000,000; mining, over $42,000,000; from lumber (_Wäldern_), almost $17,000,000; and from the fisheries, almost $12,000,000. The per capita amount of income was $62. It was largest in Rhode Island--$110; in Massachusetts it was $103; in Louisiana, $99; and in Iowa, smallest, $27; in Michigan, it was $33. Compare _Tucker_, Progress of the United States, 195 ff. The census of 1860 assumes the national wealth, slaves not included, at $14,183,000,000, that is $451 per capita, with a per capita annual income of $112. According to _Czörnig_, the gross income of Austria, from agriculture, the chase and fisheries, in 1861, was 2,119,000,000 florins; from mining, 41,000,000; from the industries, 1,200,000,000. In Prussia, the net national income, not including the revenue from state property, nor the income of the royal household, seems, from the returns of the income and _class_ tax, to have been about 2,458,000,000 thalers, in 1874. _Engel_, Preuss. Statist. Ztschr., 1875, 133. The majority of the above estimates are obviously unreliable.] SECTION CXLVII. NATIONAL INCOME.--ITS STATISTICAL IMPORTANCE. [CONTINUED.]