Produced by Ronald Lee PRISONERS THEIR OWN WARDERS [Illustration: _Frontispiece_ GENERAL MONTHLY MUSTER OF THE CONVICTS, SINGAPORE JAIL.] PRISONERS THEIR OWN WARDERS A RECORD OF THE CONVICT PRISON AT SINGAPORE IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ESTABLISHED 1825, DISCONTINUED 1873, TOGETHER WITH A CURSORY HISTORY OF THE CONVICT ESTABLISHMENTS AT BENCOOLEN, PENANG AND MALACCA FROM THE YEAR 1797 BY MAJOR J. R A. McNAIR _Late Royal Artillery, C.M.G., A.M.I.C.E., F.L.S., and F.R.G.S Late Colonial Engineer and Surveyor General and Comptroller of Indian Convicts Straits Settlements from 1857 to 1877 Author of "Perak and the Malays" (Sarong and Kris)_ ASSISTED BY W. D. BAYLISS _Mem. Soc. Engineers Lond., Late Superintendent of Works and Surveys and Superintendent of Convicts, Singapore_ WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS "A willing bondman." --SHAKESPEARE (_Julius Caesar_, Act I., Sc. 3) WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO 2 WHITEHALL GARDENS 1899 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON. [Illustration: DUFFADAR ARJOON, SENIOR PETTY OFFICER OF ARTIFICERS. _McNair._] Preface Some explanation appears to be due from us for writing this account of the Singapore Convict Jail so long after the date of its final abolition. The truth is, that for several years it has been our opinion that it ought to be written by some one, and the same suggestion had often been made to one of us by the late Doctor Mouat, Inspector General of Jails, Bengal, and others who were well acquainted with its administration. An opportunity lately occurred to bring us into communication on the subject, and when we came to compare the voluminous notes that each of us had collected during the time that the jail was in full vigour, we arrived at the conclusion that there was abundant material for a work upon it. It also appeared to us that there were some exceptional features in the training and discipline of these native convicts, that might even at this day prove of service to other Superintendents of native jails in different parts of India and the Colonies; while, at the same time, such a work would not be devoid of some interest to those who make a study of the punishment and reformation of the criminal class of all countries, a subject in regard to which, in spite of the great progress we have made, the last word has certainly not yet been said. This, then, is our apology for the attempt we have made, and we trust that our joint labours may be received with indulgence.