Through the latter half of the fifteenth century, England was too distraught by internal struggles to pay much attention to naval matters and no progress was made in prize money laws. It is impossible to tell specifically the effects of the prize money laws in England at this early date. However, in so far as they formed an important element in the general maritime laws, they undoubtedly tended to create order at sea, to protect commerce and to increase the king's jurisdiction over the sea forces. This coordination of authority over sea war would tend to increase naval efficiency and was an important element in making England a great sea power. _NOTES._ Chapter III, Part 2. [1] Black Book of the Admiralty, Rolls Series, No. 55, i, 21. [2] Ibid. i, 31. [3] Cal. Pat. Ric. II, 1385-1389, pp. 216, 253. [4] Cal. Pat. Ric. II, 1385-1389, pp. 339, 342. [5] Rotuli Parliamentorum, 7 Vols., London, 1767-1777, iii, 570, art. 22. [6] Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts, Reports, v, 501. [7] 4 Hen. V, c 7, 1416. [8] In a case of Reprisals against France, Cromwell returned the excess over damages to the French ambassador, see Carnazza-Amari, Traité de Droit International Public en Temps de Paix, French translation from Italian by Montanari-Revest, 2 Vols., Paris, 1880, ii, 599. Also in Phillimore, Commentaries on International Law, 3rd Edition, 4 Vols., London, 1885, iii, 33. [9] Rymer, op. cit. x, 368. [10] Rot. Par. v, 59, art. 30; see also Acts of the Privy Council, Sir Harris Nicolas, Editor, v, 128. [11] 20 Hen VI, c 1, 1442. [12] "The Laws of Oleron are the ancient usages, generally received from Richard I, on his return from the Holy Land to Oleron, revised and approved for matters marine and which all the people of the west afterwards received for their affairs." Sir Leoline Jenkins, Life of, by Wynne, i, 87, quoted in Comyn's Digest, i, 272; Marsdon doubts whether Richard had anything to do with the origin of the Laws of Oleron, Introduction to select pleas of the admiralty, Seldon Series, vi; See also discussion by Twiss, Sea Laws, Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition, xxiii, 535. [13] See ante p 34. [14] Black Book of the Admiralty, Rolls Series, No. 55, i, 145. [15] Ibid. i, 135. [16] Nicolas, Introduction to Acts of the Privy Council, v, 136. [17] See ante p 26. [18] Bynkershoek, Questiones Juris Publica, quoted in Phillimore, op. cit. iii, 209. [19] Rymer, op. cit. vi, 15. [20] 13 Ric. II, c 5, 1390; 15 Ric. II, c 3, 1392. [21] Black Book of the Admiralty, i, 151. [22] 2 Hen V, St. 1, c 6, 1414. [23] William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, 5th Edition, 3 Vols., Oxford, 1903, ii, 289. PART 3. 1485-1603. a. Laws.