The reader who has considered the cases adduced will appreciate the difficulties which must be faced in any attempt to account for the facts in a rational way. As always in a problem of Evolution, two separate questions have to be answered. First how did the form under consideration come into existence, and secondly, how did it succeed in maintaining itself so as to become a race? The evidence from the local forms, though very far from giving complete answers to either of these questions definitely refutes the popular notion that a new race comes into existence by transformation of an older race. If a gradual mass-transformation of this kind took place we should certainly expect that when two types, nearly allied and capable of interbreeding, overlap each other in their geographical distribution, a normally intermediate population would exist. If each type can maintain itself, and if each came into existence by gradual transformation, then there must have been an intermediate capable of existing and maintaining itself as a population; and if this had ever been, surely in the region of overlapping, that intermediate population should continue. Especially should such a population be found when the two extreme types are adaptational forms and the region of overlap is a region of intermediate conditions. But of the examples we have examined there is only one, that of _Pararge egeria_ and _egerides_, which can at all be so interpreted, and even in that case it is not impossible that more minute observation would reveal discontinuity between the extremes and the admittedly normal intermediate population. Granting provisionally however that this example, as it stands, is consistent with the conventional theory of evolution, I know not where we should look for another case equally good. When the distinctions are produced by direct influence of conditions operating during the lifetime of the individuals, examples of intermediate populations occupying the areas of intermediate conditions can no doubt be produced. Many turf-like Alpine plants, for instance, if protected from exposure and properly nourished can grow as large as those of the same species found in the valleys, and in the case of such quantitative effects, intermediate conditions can doubtless produce intermediate characters.