Even these examples however are not very abundant, and often the intermediate locality has not a form intermediate between those of the two extreme localities, but some third form distinct from either. This is the case for instance in the fauna of brackish waters. We are taught to believe that the fresh water fauna was evolved from the marine fauna, which it well may have been; but as students of Crustacea and Mollusca know familiarly, the brackish water forms are not as a rule intermediates between fresh water species and sea species, but more usually they are special forms belonging to the brackish waters, with the peculiar property that they can tolerate a great range of conditions, and live without ostensible variation in waters of most various compositions and densities, which very few marine or fresh water species are able to do. Sometimes the distinction between local races, as in _Rhamphocoelus passerinii_ and _icteronotus_ may be regarded with confidence as due to one simple Mendelian factor possessed by one race and absent from the other, but I think, more often, as in _Colaptes_ or in the varieties of _Pieris napi_, the existence of several distinct factors is to be inferred. As we have seen, the races of _Colaptes_ show almost beyond doubt that in different areas at least three distinct factorial combinations can be perpetuated as races. In the distribution of variability we find, I think, some hint as to the steps by which the phenomena under consideration have come to their present stage, and I am disposed to regard the facts so well attested in the case of our own melanic moths as a true indication of the process. Following this indication we should regard the change in the character of a population as beginning sporadically, by the appearance of varying individuals, possibly only one varying individual, in, it may be, one place only. As to _why_ a variety should increase in numbers we have nothing but mere speculation to offer, and for the present we must simply recognise the fact that it may. That such survival and replacement may reasonably be taken as an indication that the replacing race has some superior power of holding its own I am quite disposed to admit. Nevertheless it seems in the highest degree unlikely that the outward and perceptible character or characters which we recognise as differentiating the race should be the actual features which contribute effectively to that result.