Once fairly married, Zeus and Hera became Sharers of one Altar
(ὁμοβώμιοι), and against the conjunction the older women divinities
are but too often powerless. In the designs[820] in figs. 90 and 91 we
have a curious instance of the ruthless fashion in which the Olympian
pair extrude the objects of an ancient local cult. In fig. 90 we have a
votive relief to the Nymphs of the familiar type: three maiden figures
linked together. That the figures are Nymphs is certain, for above is
the inscription, ‘To the Mistress Nymphs (Κυρίαις Νύμφαις).’ The relief,
one of a large series found together at Orochák and now in the local
Museum at Sofia, is of late Roman style. The design in fig. 91 shows
a theological shift. The two dominant Olympians, of large stature to
mark their supremacy, occupy the forefront; they hold each an expectant
_phiale_ for libations; to them only is sacrifice to be made. It is
they who hold the sceptres. Humbly in the background, minished and
all but effaced, are the three ancient Maidens. The local peasant is
conservative[821], and we may hope they too had their meed of offering.
[Illustration: FIG. 92.]
The intrusion of Zeus[822] and Hera on the local cultus of the Nymphs
brings to mind a story preserved by Diogenes Laertius[823] in his Life of
Epimenides. Theopompus in his ‘Wonderful Things’ told how when Epimenides
was preparing the sanctuary of the Nymphs a voice was heard from heaven
saying, ‘Epimenides, not of the Nymphs, but of Zeus.’ Perhaps Epimenides
went further than the orthodox Olympian religion could tolerate in the
matter of the revival of ancient cults. To him, as has been already seen
(p. 241), was credited the founding of the sanctuary of the Semnae; he
introduced ceremonies of purification brought from Crete, and wholly
alien to Olympian ritual. It was time for Zeus to reassert himself.
The conflict of theological conceptions is very clearly seen in the
design in fig. 92, from a votive relief[824] found at Eleusis and now
in the National Museum at Athens. The general type of the design, which
belongs to the class known in English as ‘Funeral Banquets,’ will be
discussed more in detail later, when we come to hero-worship. For the
present it is enough to note that on the left side of the relief we have
the two Goddesses of Eleusis, the old matriarchal couple, seated side
by side as equals, on the right a patriarchal couple, man and wife, the
man reclining at the banquet and holding a great _rhyton_, the wife
submissively seated by his side. In naming them it is safest at present
not to go beyond what is written. The artist has inscribed over their
heads the non-committal words, ‘To the God,’ and ‘To the Goddess.’
[Illustration: FIG. 93.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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