[Illustration: _Figure 25-B: Block Use of Enemy Information Materials._ Compare this with the preceding leaflet. The real source in both cases is enemy. The ostensible source in both cases is the U.S. Army. The ostensible mission in both cases is the prevention of VD. But the mission is entirely different in the second leaflet. The first was addressed to troops--Americans--designed to make them feel bad. The second was dropped on civilians--Filipinos--whom the Japanese thus tried to stir up against the Americans. (Leyte Campaign. Courtesy of Mr. Robert Kleiman.)] =Complete Breakdown of a Single Propaganda Item.= a. _Source_ (1) True source ("Where does it really come from?") (a) Release channel ("How did it come out?") if different from true source without concealing true source (b) Person or institution in whose name material originates (c) Transmitting channel ("Who got it to us?"), person or institution effecting known transmission--omitting, of course, analyst's own procurement facilities (2) Ostensible source ("Where does it pretend to come from?") (a) Release channel ("Who is supposed to be passing it along?") (3) First-use and second-use source (first use, "Who is said to have used this first?"; second use, "Who pretends to be quoting someone else?") (a) Connection between second-use source and first-use source, usually in the form of attributed or unacknowledged quotation; more rarely, plagiarism (b) Modification between use by first-use and second-use sources, when both are known (i) Deletions (ii) Changes in text (iii) Enclosure within editorial matter of transmitter (iv) Falsification which appears deliberate (v) Effects of translation from one language to another b. _Time_ (1) Time of events or utterance to which subject-matter refers (2) Time of transmission (publishing, broadcasting, etc.) (3) Timing of repetitions (4) Reasons, if any are evident, for peculiarities of timing c. _Audience_ (1) Intended direct audience ("in English to North America"; "a paper for New York restaurant operators") (2) Intended indirect audience (program beamed "in English to North America" but actually reaching Hong Kong and Singapore by deliberate plan of the sender; "a paper for New York restaurant operators" being faked and sent to Southeast Europe in fact) (3) Unintended audience (a Guadalcanal native studying _Esquire_; your aunt reading the _Infantry Journal_; a Chinese reading American wartime speeches against the "yellow devils" of Japan) (4) Ostensibly unintended direct audience (such as an appeal to strikers in very abusive-sounding language, sent to businessmen to build up opinion _against_ the strikers, or Hitler's black use of the forged Protocols of the Elders of Zion) d. _Subject_ ("What does it say?")